Table 2.
Mean (standard deviation) or percent for select variables stratified by frailty status (robust, pre-frail, frail) for 2 frailty indexes (SOF, CHS).
| SOF Frailty Index (n=765) | CHS Frailty Index (n=760) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Robust n=590 (77.1%) |
Pre-frail n=143 (18.7%) |
Frail n=32 (4.2%) |
P-value* | Robust n=389 (51.2%) |
Pre-frail n=295 (38.8%) |
Frail n=76 (10.0%) |
P-value* |
| Age | 77.56 (5.31) | 79.71 (5.36) | 81.41 (5.86) | .0001 (1,2) | 76.79 (4.96) | 79.15 (5.59) | 80.82 (5.48) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Body Mass Index | 27.37 (5.11) | 27.07 (5.28) | 27.547(5.58) | .82 | 26.85 (4.71) | 27.53 (5.14) | 28.90 (6.92) | .005 (2,3) |
| Chronic Medical Conditions (#) | 1.49 (1.09) | 1.81 (1.16) | 2.25 (1.59) | .0001 (1,2,3) | 1.31 (1.02) | 1.77 (1.09) | 2.22 (1.47) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Self-Reported Health | 2.35 (0.91) | 2.96 (0.98) | 3.37 (1.04) | .0001 (1,2,3) | 2.20 (0.87) | 2.71 (0.94) | 3.24 (0.99) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| SPPB | 10.02 (1.81) | 7.32 (2.95) | 5.00 (2.34) | .0001 (1,2,3) | 10.74 (1.18) | 8.48 (2.30) | 5.29 (2.33) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| ADL | 0.18 (0.47) | 0.66 (0.75) | 1.03 (0.86) | .0001 (1,2,3) | 0.10 (0.36) | 0.41 (0.67) | 0.95 (0.78) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| IADL | 0.49 (0.74) | 0.99 (0.90) | 1.28 (0.89) | .0001 (1,2) | 0.35 (0.65) | 0.80 (0.85) | 1.26 (0.88) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| MMSE | 27.31 (2.51) | 26.27 (2.98) | 26.00 (2.94) | .0001 (1,2) | 27.61 (2.30) | 26.78 (2.72) | 25.39 (3.21) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test | 0.07 (0.75) | -0.13 (0.79) | -0.16 (0.70) | .007 (1) | 0.16 (0.72) | -0.08 (0.75) | -0.30 (0.83) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Word Generation (FAS) | 37.35 (14.45) | 34.77 (14.41) | 30.69 (13.04) | .01 (2) | 38.68 (14.23) | 35.64 (14.25) | 29.27 (13.36) | .0001(1,2,3) |
| Word Generation (animals) | 16.18 (5.14) | 14.66 (5.00) | 12.84 (4.65) | .0001 (1,2) | 16.77 (5.09) | 15.29 (4.97) | 12.56 (4.62) | .0001(1,2,3) |
| Trails A | 53.37 (31.11) | 69.84 (44.08) | 77.10 (50.00) | .0003 (1,2) | 48.03(23.79) | 60.29 (31.39) | 94.36 (65.39) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Trails B | 135.67 (75.85) | 168.43 (81.28) | 190.85(84.81) | .0001 (1,2) | 128.4 8 (71.25) | 153.00 (79.25) | 205.52 (81.11) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| Clock-in-a-Box | 6.40 (1.48) | 6.00 (1.58) | 5.48 (1.75) | .0002 (1,2) | 6.51 (1.38) | 6.23 (1.44) | 5.33 (2.12) | .0001 (1,2,3) |
| CESD-R | 49.00 (9.06) | 55.10 (10.86) | 61.21 (10.83) | .0001(1,2,3) | 48.21 (9.12) | 52.50 (9.83) | 59.94 (11.81) | .0001(1,2,3) |
| Women | 63.73 | 65.73 | 59.38 | .78 | 63.24 | 64.07 | 64.47 | .96 |
| Caucasian (White) | 78.78 | 75.52 | 75.00 | .64 | 80.67 | 76.95 | 67.11 | .03 |
| Disability | 14.94 | 39.16 | 56.25 | .0001 | 9.51 | 27.55 | 55.26 | .0001 |
| Overnight Hospitalization | 29.15 | 51.75 | 62.50 | .0001 | 24.68 | 40.34 | 64.47 | .0001 |
| Emergency Room Visit | 39.66 | 60.14 | 75.00 | .0001 | 36.76 | 48.14 | 73.68 | .0001 |
SOF = Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (Ensrud et al., 2008)
CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study (Fried et al., 2001)
SPPB = short physical performance battery (lower scores indicate more impairment)
ADL = activities of daily living (higher scores indicate more impairment)
IADL = instrumental activities of daily living (higher scores indicate more impairment)
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (lower scores indicate more impairment)
MMSE = mini-mental state examination. (lower scores indicate more impairment)
Trails A = part A of the Trail Making Test (higher scores indicate more impairment)
Trails B = part B of the Trail Making Test (higher scores indicate more impairment)
Clock-in-a-Box = a modification of the Clock Drawing test (lower scores indicate more impairment)
Word Generation (words starting with the letters F, A & S) (lower scores indicate more impairment)
Word Generation (animals – independent of letter starting the name) (lower scores indicate more impairment)
CESD = centers for epidemiologic studies depression scale (revised) (higher scores indicate more depression)
P-values from overall test of group differences in analyses of variance
Specific group differences (p<.05)
1 = robust & pre-frail
2 = robust & frail
3 = pre-frail & frail
Note: the CHS frailty index could not be created for 5 participants due to missing values.