Table 4.
Covariate-adjusted associations between risk factors for MetS* and DP in young adults (19–39 years)
| Model 1† |
Model 2‡ |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDP (n 995) |
WDP (n 995) |
PDP (n 995) |
WDP (n 995) |
|||||
| Risk factors (dependent variables) | Std β | P value | Std β | P value | Std β | P value | Std β | P value |
| Obesity measurements | ||||||||
| BMI§ | −0·07 | 0·15 | −0·05 | 0·42 | – | – | – | – |
| Waist circumference | −0·10 | 0·02 | −0·05 | 0·46 | −0·04 | 0·009 | 0·00 | 1·00 |
| Triceps skinfold | −0·11 | 0·01 | −0·02 | 0·75 | −0·06 | 0·17 | 0·02 | 0·62 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||
| Systolic | −0·05 | 0·29 | −0·05 | 0·42 | −0·03 | 0·51 | −0·04 | 0·60 |
| Diastolic | −0·01 | 0·80 | 0·00 | 0·99 | 0·01 | 0·86 | 0·17 | 0·80 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| Plasma glucose | −0·03 | 0·52 | −0·05 | 0·49 | −0·01 | 0·83 | −0·03 | 0·64 |
| Plasma insulin | −0·10 | 0·03 | −0·04 | 0·53 | −0·07 | 0·09 | −0·01 | 0·83 |
| Insulin resistance: HOMA-IR | −0·07 | 0·11 | −0·04 | 0·58 | −0·04 | 0·33 | −0·01 | 0·89 |
| Insulin sensitivity: QUICKI | 0·16 | <0·0005 | 0·02 | 0·78 | 0·13 | 0·001 | −0·01 | 0·82 |
| Lipid profiles | ||||||||
| Total serum cholesterol | −0·01 | 0·88 | −0·08 | 0·22 | 0·00 | 0·94 | −0·08 | 0·27 |
| Serum LDL-C | −0·01 | 0·91 | −0·02 | 0·77 | 0·01 | 0·92 | −0·01 | 0·93 |
| Serum HDL-C | 0·05 | 0·26 | −0·11 | 0·10 | 0·03 | 0·45 | −0·12 | 0·05 |
| Serum TAG | −0·10 | 0·05 | −0·13 | 0·05 | −0·07 | 0·10 | −0·12 | 0·07 |
| MetS* | ||||||||
| ≥3 risk factors | −0·10 | 0·03 | −0·08 | 0·22 | −0·07 | 0·07 | −0·05 | 0·35 |
| OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
| MetS* | ||||||||
| (Reference = no MetS) | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·07 | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·07 | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·07 | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·07 |
MetS, metabolic syndrome; DP, dietary patterns; PDP, prudent dietary pattern; WDP, Western dietary pattern; Std β, standardised β; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis
Model Assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; LDL-C, LDH cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol.
Diagnosis of MetS based on ≥3 of the following risk factors: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in males and ≥88 cm in females; serum triacylglycerol ≥ 150 mg/dl; HDL-C < 40 mg/dl in males and <50 mg/dl in females; blood pressure ≥ 130 or ≥85 mmHg or taking medications for hypertension; and fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or taking medications (oral hypoglycaemic agents/insulin).
Model 1 adjusted for age, energy intake, ethnicity, gender, ethnicity × gender, socio-economic status (SES), physical activity, alcohol intake and smoking status.
Model 2 adjusted for BMI in addition to age, energy intake, ethnicity, gender, ethnicity × gender, SES, physical activity, alcohol intake and smoking status.
BMI calculated as weight (kg)/height2 (m2) with normal weight defined as BMI ≥18·5 and ≤24·9 kg/m2 ; and overweight/obese defined as BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2.