Reactive oxygen species generation
Bid activation
Downregulation of antiapoptotic genes (BCL-XL, XIAP)
Upregulation of proapoptotic genes (BAX, BAK, BIM)
Induction of death receptors (DR4, DR5), FAS, TRAIL
Proteasome inhibition
Induction of p21CIP1
Interference with Hsp90 function
Acetylation of Ku70; release of BAX
Disruption of G2 and mitotic checkpoints
Activation of stress-related kinase (JNK)
Inactivation of cytoprotective pathways (Raf/MEK/ERK, AKT, BCR/ABL)
NF-κB activation/acetylation
Ceramide generation