TABLE 2.
Diabetes risk (HR) associated with dietary fiber intake and GL by ethnic group in men in the Hawaii component of the MEC Study, 1993–20071
| Men, n = 4555 |
Caucasian, n = 1080 |
Japanese American, n = 2677 |
Native Hawaiian, n = 798 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary variable and category | n2 | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) |
| Total dietary fiber, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <7.4 | 1532 | 1.00 | 253 | 1.00 | 938 | 1.00 | 341 | 1.00 |
| 7.4–9.3 | 1113 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 269 | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 657 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 187 | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) |
| 9.4–11.3 | 7l92 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 228 | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 442 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 122 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
| 11.4–14.1 | 702 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 203 | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) | 399 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 100 | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) |
| ≥14.2 | 416 | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) | 127 | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | 241 | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 48 | 0.70 (0.52–0.96) |
| P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.09 | 0.19 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from grains, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <1.9 | 1170 | 1.00 | 234 | 1.00 | 682 | 1.00 | 254 | 1.00 |
| 1.9–2.6 | 1102 | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 228 | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 671 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 203 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) |
| 2.7–3.4 | 873 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 217 | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 501 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 155 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) |
| 3.5–4.7 | 728 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 209 | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 415 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 104 | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) |
| ≥ 4.8 | 682 | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 192 | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 408 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 82 | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) |
| P-value | 0.006 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.15 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from fruits, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <0.8 | 1259 | 1.00 | 283 | 1.00 | 717 | 1.00 | 259 | 1.00 |
| 0.8–1.6 | 1018 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 240 | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 569 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 209 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) |
| 1.7–2.4 | 856 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 222 | 0.89 (0.75–1.07) | 504 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 130 | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) |
| 2.5–3.8 | 790 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 189 | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 487 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 114 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) |
| ≥3.9 | 632 | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 146 | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 400 | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 86 | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) |
| P-value | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.46 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from vegetables, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <2.2 | 1224 | 1.00 | 263 | 1.00 | 729 | 1.00 | 232 | 1.00 |
| 2.2–3.0 | 1222 | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) | 255 | 0.91 (0.77–1.09) | 747 | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 220 | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) |
| 3.1–3.8 | 1006 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 256 | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 591 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 159 | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) |
| 3.9–5.2 | 764 | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 200 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 440 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 124 | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) |
| ≥5.3 | 339 | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | 106 | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 170 | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 63 | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) |
| P-value | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.01 | 0.89 | ||||
| Dietary Mg intake, mg/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <129.3 | 1300 | 1.00 | 253 | 1.00 | 733 | 1.00 | 314 | 1.00 |
| 129.4–145.8 | 980 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 206 | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) | 597 | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 177 | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) |
| 145.9–162.1 | 876 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 220 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 520 | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | 136 | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) |
| 162.2–185.3 | 725 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 221 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 409 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 95 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) |
| ≥185.4 | 674 | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 180 | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | 418 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 76 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) |
| P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.08 | ||||
| GL | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 745 | 1.00 | 257 | 1.00 | 369 | 1.00 | 119 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 873 | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 236 | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | 527 | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 110 | 0.89 (0.67–1.17) |
| Quintile 3 | 898 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 202 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 574 | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 122 | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) |
| Quintile 4 | 1008 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 207 | 1.31 (1.01–1.68) | 647 | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) | 154 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) |
| Quintile 5 | 1031 | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | 178 | 1.54 (1.12–2.10) | 560 | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) | 293 | 1.10 (0.76–1.61) |
| P-value |
0.07 |
0.003 |
0.91 |
0.29 |
||||
1
Adjusted for ethnicity (Japanese American, Native Hawaiian vs. Caucasian), BMI (23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and ≥30 vs. <23), physical activity (quintiles of MET), education (13–16 y and >16 y vs. ≤12 y), and calories (logarithm of continuous).
2
n represents diabetes cases.