TABLE 3.
Diabetes risk (HR) associated with dietary fiber intake and GL by ethnic group in women in the Hawaii component of the MEC Study, 1993–20071
| Women, n = 4,032 |
Caucasian, n = 715 |
Japanese American, n = 2,374 |
Native Hawaiian, n = 943 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary variable and category | n2 | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) | n | HR (95%CI) |
| Total dietary fiber, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <8.9 | 1223 | 1.00 | 179 | 1.00 | 661 | 1.00 | 383 | 1.00 |
| 8.9–11.1 | 948 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 170 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 573 | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 205 | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) |
| 11.2–13.2 | 734 | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 146 | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) | 440 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 148 | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) |
| 13.3–16.1 | 615 | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) | 115 | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 373 | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 127 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) |
| ≥16.2 | 512 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 105 | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 327 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 80 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) |
| P-value | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.21 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from grains, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <2.1 | 927 | 1.00 | 140 | 1.00 | 510 | 1.00 | 277 | 1.00 |
| 2.1–2.8 | 943 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 152 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 547 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 244 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) |
| 2.9–3.7 | 799 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 151 | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 462 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 186 | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) |
| 3.8–5.0 | 735 | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 150 | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 458 | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | 127 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) |
| ≥5.1 | 628 | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 122 | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 397 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 109 | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) |
| P-value | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.11 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from fruits, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <2.1 | 1056 | 1.00 | 190 | 1.00 | 536 | 1.00 | 330 | 1.00 |
| 2.1–2.8 | 823 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 155 | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 459 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 209 | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) |
| 2.9–3.7 | 811 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 167 | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 492 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 152 | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) |
| 3.8–5.0 | 702 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 115 | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 449 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 138 | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) |
| ≥5.1 | 640 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 88 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 438 | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 114 | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) |
| P-value | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.70 | ||||
| Dietary fiber from vegetables, g/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <1.3 | 1005 | 1.00 | 154 | 1.00 | 572 | 1.00 | 279 | 1.00 |
| 1.3–2.3 | 993 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 168 | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 597 | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 228 | 1.07 (0.89–1.27) |
| 2.4–3.4 | 873 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 167 | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 523 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 183 | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) |
| 3.5–5.1 | 703 | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 126 | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 423 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 154 | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) |
| ≥5.2 | 458 | 0.96 (0.87–1.08) | 100 | 0.94 (0.73–1.22) | 259 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 99 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
| P-value | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.94 | 0.62 | ||||
| Dietary Mg intake, mg/(4184 kJ · d) | ||||||||
| <139.3 | 1124 | 1.00 | 176 | 1.00 | 577 | 1.00 | 371 | 1.00 |
| 139.4–157.9 | 843 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 140 | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 520 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 183 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) |
| 158.0–176.1 | 765 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 145 | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 452 | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 168 | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) |
| 176.2–200.1 | 662 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 132 | 0.70 (0.56–0.89) | 404 | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 126 | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) |
| ≥200.2 | 638 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 122 | 0.61 (0.48–0.78) | 421 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 95 | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) |
| P-value | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | 0.12 | 0.18 | ||||
| GL | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 535 | 1.00 | 141 | 1.00 | 284 | 1.00 | 110 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 744 | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) | 158 | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 475 | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 111 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) |
| Quintile 3 | 839 | 1.29 (1.13–1.48) | 152 | 1.48 (1.10–1.99) | 542 | 1.24 (1.02–1.50) | 145 | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) |
| Quintile 4 | 904 | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) | 131 | 1.47 (1.03–2.08) | 569 | 1.23 (0.98–1.54) | 204 | 1.32 (0.97–1.81) |
| Quintile 5 | 1010 | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) | 133 | 2.13 (1.37–3.31) | 504 | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | 373 | 1.44 (0.98–2.12) |
|
P-value |
0.02 |
0.002 |
0.98 |
0.03 |
||||
1
Adjusted for ethnicity (Japanese American, Native Hawaiian vs. Caucasian), BMI (23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and ≥30 vs. <23), physical activity (quintiles of MET), education (13–16 y and >16 y vs. ≤12 y), and calories (logarithm of continuous).
2
n represents diabetes cases.