Table 3.
Absolute and Relative Volumes of Cingulate Gyrus Gray Matter in the FESZ, FEAFF, and HC Groupsa
| FESZ Group (n=39) |
FEAFF Group (n=41) |
HC Group, Mean (SD) (n=40) | 1-Factor ANOVA |
Post Hoc Tukey HSD Test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region and Volumeb | Mean (SD) | Effect Sizec | Mean (SD) | Effect Sizec | F Testd | P Value | ||
| ICC | 1465.1 (111.5) | 1443.0 (137.5) | 1509.0 (149.2) | 2.05 | .183 | FESZ=FEAFF=HC | ||
| Whole cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 18.617 (2.599) | 19.415 (2.454) | 21.132 (2.673) | 9.88 | <.001 | |||
| Relative, % | 1.254 (0.196) | 0.93 | 1.347 (0.176) | 0.46 | 1.428 (0.178) | 8.90 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCe |
| Leftf | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 9.288 (1.328) | 9.496 (1.384) | 10.185 (1.449) | 4.55 | .01 | |||
| Relative, % | 0.628 (0.113) | 0.56 | 0.656 (0.095) | 0.33 | 0.690 (0.108) | 3.38 | .04 | FESZ<HC, FESZ= FEAFF, FEAFF=HCg |
| Rightf | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 9.329 (1.617) | 9.919 (1.486) | 10.947(1.714) | 10.28 | <.001 | |||
| Relative, % | 0.626 (0.115) | 0.97 | 0.691 (0.112) | 0.42 | 0.739 (0.117) | 9.57 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FEAFF<HC, FEAFF=FESZh |
| Anterior cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Left | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.588 (0.816) | 4.730 (0.882) | 5.182 (0.950) | 4.89 | .009 | |||
| Relative, % | 0.314 (0.053) | 0.55 | 0.329 (0.059) | 0.27 | 0.345 (0.060) | 3.21 | .04 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCi |
| Right | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.737 (0.874) | 4.950 (0.884) | 5.551 (0.836) | 9.45 | <.001 | |||
| Relative, % | 0.324 (0.057) | 0.85 | 0.345 (0.064) | 0.41 | 0.369 (0.049) | 6.17 | .003 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCj |
| Posterior cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Left | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.700 (0.823) | 4.766 (0.827) | 5.003 (1.028) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.322 (0.060) | 0.19 | 0.330 (0.047) | 0.06 | 0.333 (0.068) | 0.37 | .69 | FESZ=HC, FEAFF=HC, FEAFF=FESZk |
| Right | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.591 (0.985) | 4.969 (0.974) | 5.396 (1.083) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.313 (0.060) | 0.73 | 0.344 (0.058) | 0.23 | 0.358 (0.064) | 5.82 | .004 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCl |
| Anterior cingulate subdivisions | ||||||||
| Subgenual cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Left | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 0.449 (0.103) | 0.398 (0.095) | 0.532 (0.169) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.031 (0.006) | 0.48 | 0.028 (0.007) | 0.81 | 0.035 (0.011) | 9.12 | <.001 | FEAFF<HC, FESZ<HC, FEAFF=FESZm |
| Right | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 0.482 (0.098) | 0.425 (0.093) | 0.532 (0.127) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.033 (0.007) | 0.27 | 0.030 (0.007) | 0.67 | 0.035 (0.008) | 6.01 | .003 | FEAFF<HC, FESZ=HC, FESZ=FEAFFn |
| Affective (anterorostral) cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Left | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 2.743 (0.583) | 2.898 (0.573) | 3.142 (0.579) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.188 (0.038) | 0.56 | 0.201 (0.038) | 0.21 | 0.209 (0.037) | 3.32 | .04 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCo |
| Right | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 2.859 (0.523) | 3.045 (0.597) | 3.359 (0.633) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.196 (0.035) | 0.75 | 0.212 (0.040) | 0.28 | 0.223 (0.037) | 5.25 | .003 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCp |
| Cognitive (anterodorsal) cingulate gyrus | ||||||||
| Left | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 1.396 (0.385) | 1.435 (0.420) | 1.507 (0.443) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.096 (0.026) | 0.15 | 0.099 (0.028) | 0.04 | 0.100 (0.028) | 0.37 | .69 | FESZ=HC, FEAFF=HC, FEAFF=FESZq |
| Right | ||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 1.396 (0.483) | 1.480 (0.395) | 1.659 (0.413) | |||||
| Relative, % | 0.095 (0.031) | 0.51 | 0.103 (0.029) | 0.25 | 0.110 (0.027) | 2.78 | .048 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCr |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; FEAFF, first-episode affective psychosis; FESZ, first-episode schizophrenia; HCs, healthy control subjects; HSD, Honestly Significant Difference; ICC, intracranial contents.
Expressed as cross-sectional data at time 1 (first magnetic resonance imaging). Whole cingulate gyrus equals anterior plus posterior cingulate gyrus; anterior cingulate gyrus, subgenual plus affective plus cognitive cingulate subregions.
Repeated-measures ANOVA of relative volume with group (FESZ, FEAFF, and HC) as the between-subjects factor, and hemisphere (left vs right) and region (anterior vs posterior cingulate regions) as the within-subjects factors revealed a main effect for group (F2,117=7.7; P=.001), hemisphere (F1,117=4.4; P=.04), and region (F1,117=5.9; P=.02). There was a significant interaction of region×group (F2,117=3.2; P=.04). However, there was no significant interaction of hemisphere×group (F2,117=0.2; P=.83) or region×hemisphere×group (F2,117=0.2; P=.79). Within the anterior cingulate gyrus alone, there was a significant interaction of group×subregion (F4,234=3.7; P=.01). Within-subjects factor revealed a main effect for group (F2,117=6.9; P=.001), hemisphere (F1,117=7.2; P=.008), and subregion (F2,234=2479.1; P<.001). There were no significant interactions of hemisphere×group (F2,117=0.4; P=.67), region×hemisphere (F2,234=2.9; P=.06), or region×hemisphere×group (F4,234=0.5; P=.75) (Hyunh-Feldt ε, 0.853 with region, 1.0 with hemisphere, and 0.943 with region×hemisphere).
Calculated as the difference between the patient and HC groups, based on relative volumes ([absolute volume/ICC in cubic centimeters]×100) (in percentages).
df=2,117.
P<.001, P=.07, and P=.12, respectively.
A paired t test showed a significant difference between the left and right hemisphere (t119=2.4; P=.02). Calculation based on relative volumes.
P=.03, P=.47, and P=.33, respectively.
P<.001, P=.04, and P=.15, respectively.
P=.04, P=.46, and P=.41, respectively.
P=.002, P=.22, and P=.15, respectively.
P=.68, P=.97, and P=.82, respectively.
P=.003, P=.055, and P=.56, respectively.
P<.001, P=.03, and P=.27, respectively.
P=.002, P=.34, and P=.11, respectively.
P=.03, P=.23, and P=.62, respectively.
P=.005, P=.14, and P=.38, respectively.
P=.71, P=.99, and P=.78, respectively.
P=.04, P=.40, and P=.53, respectively.