Table 5.
Absolute and Relative Volumes of Cingulate Gray Matter at Baseline (Time 1) and 1½ Years Later (Time 2) and Percentage of Change in the FESZ, FEAFF, and HC Groups
| FESZ Group (n=17) |
FEAFF Group (n=18) |
HC Group (n=18) |
Overall 3-Group Comparison of Percentages of Change (1-Factor ANOVA by Group)b |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1, Mean (SD) |
Time 2, Mean (SD) |
Change, % (SED)a |
Time 1, Mean (SD) |
Time 2, Mean (SD) |
Change, % (SED)a |
Time 1, Mean (SD) |
Time 2, Mean (SD) |
Change, % (SED)a |
2-Group Comparison Tukey HSD Post Hoc Tests |
|||
| Region | F2,50 | P Value | ||||||||||
| ICC, mL | 1487.7 (98.2) | 1487.4 (97.9) | –0.0002 (0.002) | 1480.7 (116.9) | 1476.3 (121.7) | –0.003 (0.015) | 1492.1 (132.0) | 1492.8 (131.9) | 0.0005 (0.006) | 0.7 | .51 | FESZ=FEAFF=HC |
| Anterior cingulate gyrusc | ||||||||||||
| Left+right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 9.204 (1.226) | 8.690 (1.181) | –5.57 (0.62) | 9.744 (1.512) | 9.517 (1.433) | –2.23 (0.47) | 10.780 (1.747) | 10.739 (1.781) | –0.42 (0.39) | 27.2 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FESZ<FEAFF, FEAFF<HCd |
| Relative, % | 0.619 (0.072) | 0.585 (0.072) | 0.660 (0.099) | 0.644 (0.094) | 0.724 (0.107) | 0.721 (0.110) | ||||||
| Left | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.536 (0.656) | 4.294 (0.629) | –5.29 (0.91) | 4.761 (0.955) | 4.637 (0.969) | –2.72 (0.54) | 5.247 (0.922) | 5.230 (0.945) | –0.38 (0.43) | 14.2 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FESZ<FEAFF, FEAFF<HC |
| Relative, % | 0.305 (0.038) | 0.289 (0.038) | 0.322 (0.059) | 0.313 (0.060) | 0.353 (0.056) | 0.351 (0.059) | ||||||
| Right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.668 (0.718) | 4.396 (0.724) | –5.92 (0.84) | 4.983 (0.804) | 4.881 (0.747) | –1.89 (0.81) | 5.533 (1.042) | 5.509 (1.052) | –0.46 (0.47) | 15.1 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FESZ<FEAFF, FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.314 (0.046) | 0.296 (0.047) | 0.338 (0.058) | 0.331 (0.055) | 0.371 (0.065) | 0.370 (0.066) | ||||||
| Posterior cingulate gyrus | ||||||||||||
| Left+right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 10.008 (1.544) | 9.791 (1.386) | –1.98 (0.57) | 10.046 (1.660) | 9.993 (1.666) | –0.52 (0.45) | 10.597 (2.289) | 10.569 (2.319) | –0.30 (0.21) | 4.4 | .02 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HCe |
| Relative, % | 0.675 (0.106) | 0.660 (0.094) | 0.677 (0.085) | 0.673 (0.084) | 0.709 (0.132) | 0.707 (0.132) | ||||||
| Left | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 5.155 (0.796) | 5.046 (0.734) | –1.95 (0.73) | 4.866 (0.865) | 4.854 (0.865) | –0.24 (0.52) | 5.205 (1.137) | 5.196 (1.379) | –0.24 (0.39) | 3.1 | .055 | FESZ=FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.348 (0.057) | 0.340 (0.052) | 0.328 (0.427) | 0.327 (0.042) | 0.348 (0.080) | 0.347 (0.080) | ||||||
| Right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 4.853 (0.965) | 4.745 (0.907) | –2.05 (0.62) | 5.180 (0.948) | 5.140 (0.946) | –0.78 (0.67) | 5.392 (1.006) | 5.374 (1.017) | –0.35 (0.31) | 2.5 | .09 | FESZ=FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.327 (0.063) | 0.319 (0.059) | 0.349 (0.055) | 0.347 (0.054) | 0.361 (0.058) | 0.360 (0.058) | ||||||
| Anterior cingulate subdivisions | ||||||||||||
| Subgenual cingulate gyrus | ||||||||||||
| Left+right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 0.914 (0.136) | 0.875 (0.130) | –4.21 (0.89) | 0.799 (0.152) | 0.756 (0.154) | –5.55 (0.92) | 1.004 (0.264) | 1.002 (0.266) | –0.29 (0.34) | 13.1 | <.001 | FEAFF=FESZ<HCf |
| Relative, % | 0.062 (0.007) | 0.059 (0.007) | 0.054 (0.011) | 0.051 (0.011) | 0.067 (0.015) | 0.067 (0.015) | ||||||
| Left | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 0.444 (0.099) | 0.428 (0.092) | –3.45 (1.11) | 0.390 (0.095) | 0.368 (0.091) | –5.67 (0.89) | 0.488 (0.186) | 0.487 (0.186) | –0.36 (0.78) | 8.3 | .001 | FEAFF<HC, FEAFF=FESZ, FESZ=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.030 (0.006) | 0.029 (0.005) | 0.027 (0.007) | 0.025 (0.007) | 0.033 (0.011) | 0.033 (0.012) | ||||||
| Right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 0.469 (0.083) | 0.447 (0.075) | –4.58 (1.03) | 0.409 (0.078) | 0.388 (0.081) | –5.29 (1.19) | 0.515 (0.141) | 0.514 (0.143) | –0.27 (0.48) | 8.3 | .001 | FEAFF=FESZ<HC |
| Relative, % | 0.032 (0.006) | 0.030 (0.005) | 0.028 (0.005) | 0.026 (0.006) | 0.034 (0.008) | 0.034 (0.008) | ||||||
| Affective (anterorostral) cingulate gyrus | ||||||||||||
| Left+right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 5.530 (0.984) | 5.199 (1.006) | –6.13 (0.84) | 5.880 (0.989) | 5.750 (0.984) | –2.22 (0.67) | 6.500 (0.761) | 6.480 (0.808) | –0.41 (0.50) | 18.3 | <.001 | FESZ<FEAFF=HCg |
| Relative, % | 0.372 (0.059) | 0.349 (0.061) | 0.397 (0.058) | 0.388 (0.057) | 0.438 (0.056) | 0.437 (0.061) | ||||||
| Left | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 2.696 (0.554) | 2.537 (0.568) | –6.11 (1.12) | 2.864 (0.644) | 2.779 (0.670) | –3.21 (0.98) | 3.187 (0.387) | 3.178 (0.425) | –0.40 (0.66) | 9.2 | <.001 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.181 (0.032) | 0.170 (0.034) | 0.193 (0.040) | 0.187 (0.041) | 0.215 (0.032) | 0.215 (0.339) | ||||||
| Right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 2.834 (0.542) | 2.662 (0.575) | –6.36 (1.25) | 3.016 (0.561) | 2.971 (0.543) | –1.40 (0.93) | 3.312 (0.515) | 3.301 (0.569) | –0.44 (0.58) | 11.0 | <.001 | FESZ<FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.191 (0.036) | 0.179 (0.039) | 0.204 (0.036) | 0.201 (0.035) | 0.223 (0.356) | 0.222 (0.038) | ||||||
| Cognitive (anterodorsal) cingulate gyrus | ||||||||||||
| Left+right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 2.760 (0.523) | 2.616 (0.467) | –4.93 (0.98) | 3.064 (0.756) | 3.011 (0.691) | –1.38 (0.65) | 3.276 (0.928) | 3.254 (0.933) | –0.46 (0.46) | 10.3 | <.001 | FESZ<FEAFF=HCh |
| Relative, % | 0.186 (0.037) | 0.177 (0.034) | 0.208 (0.053) | 0.205 (0.050) | 0.219 (0.055) | 0.218 (0.054) | ||||||
| Left | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 1.396 (0.291) | 1.329 (0.230) | –4.09 (1.26) | 1.507 (0.461) | 1.490 (0.470) | –1.34 (0.70) | 1.571 (0.530) | 1.561 (0.541) | –0.44 (0.56) | 4.6 | .02 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.094 (0.021) | 0.090 (0.018) | 0.102 (0.031) | 0.101 (0.031) | 0.105 (0.030) | 0.104 (0.031) | ||||||
| Right | ||||||||||||
| Absolute, mL | 1.365 (0.337) | 1.287 (0.312) | –5.32 (1.29) | 1.558 (0.402) | 1.521 (0.353) | –1.75 (1.12) | 1.705 (0.511) | 1.693 (0.500) | –0.49 (0.71) | 5.5 | .007 | FESZ<HC, FESZ=FEAFF, FEAFF=HC |
| Relative, % | 0.092 (0.023) | 0.087 (0.022) | 0.106 (0.029) | 0.104 (0.027) | 0.114 (0.033) | 0.114 (0.032) | ||||||
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; FEAFF, first-episode affective psychosis; FESZ, first-episode schizophrenia; HCs, healthy control subjects; HSD, Honestly Significant Difference; ICC, intracranial contents; SED, standard error of the difference.
Percentage of change is calculated as (volume at second scan–volume at baseline scan)/(volume at baseline scan×100).
Repeated-measures ANOVA of relative volume difference (percentage of change) with group (FESZ, FEAFF, and HC) as the between-subjects factor and hemisphere (left vs right) and region (anterior vs posterior regions) as the within-subjects factors revealed a significant main effect for group (F2,50=27.0; P<.001) and region (F1,50=25.4; P<.001). There was no significant effect for hemisphere (F1,50=0.1; P=.78). There was a significant interaction of region×group (F2,50=7.5; P=.001). However, there was no significant interaction of hemisphere×group (F2,50=0.2; P=.86), region×hemisphere (F1,50=0.2; P=.64), or region×hemisphere×group (F2,50=0.8; P=.43) (Hyunh-Feldt ε: 1.0 with region, 1.0 with hemisphere, and 1.0 with region-by-hemisphere). Within the anterior cingulate gyrus alone, groups differed in percentages of volume change in cingulate gyrus gray matter (F2,50=27.0; P<.001), and there was a significant interaction of subregion×group (F4,100=4.8; P=.002). There was no significant effect for hemisphere (F1,50=0.04; P=.84), interaction of hemisphere×group (F2,50=0.9; P=.40), subregion×hemisphere (F2,100=0.6; P=.52), or subregion×hemisphere×group (F4,100=0.2; P=.91) (Hyunh-Feldt ε: 0.976 with region, 1.0 with hemisphere, and 1.0 with region×hemisphere).
Indicates subgenual plus affective plus cognitive cingulate subregions.
Post hoc Tukey HSD tests indicated that entire (left plus right) anterior cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FESZ group were significantly bigger than those of the HC (P<.001) and FEAFF (P<.001) groups. The entire anterior cingulate volume percentages of change of the FEAFF group were also significantly different from those of the HC group (P=.032).
Entire posterior cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FESZ group were significantly bigger than those of the HC group (P=.02). However, entire posterior cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FEAFF group were not significantly different from those of the HC (P=.93) or the FESZ (P=.055) groups.
Both entire subgenual cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FEAFF (P<.001) and FESZ (P=.002) groups were significantly bigger than those in the HC group, whereas the percentages of change of the FEAFF group were not significantly different from those of the FESZ group (P=.44).
Entire affective cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FESZ group were significantly bigger than those of the HC (P<.001) and FEAFF (P=.001) groups. However, entire affective cingulate volumes percentages of change in the FEAFF group were not significantly different from those of the HC group (P=.14).
Entire cognitive cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FESZ group were significantly bigger than those of the HC (P<.001) and FEAFF (P=.003) groups. However, entire cognitive cingulate volumes percentages of change of the FEAFF group were not significantly different from those of the HC group (P=.70).