Figure 1.
The combined effect of depression and anxiety on HRV indices. Depression and anxiety status was based on previously validated cut-off scores (≥10 for the Beck Depression Inventory and ≥ 9 on the Manifest Anxiety Scale). Patients with combined positive status for both depression and anxiety scores had significantly lower RMSSD (p < 0.001) compared to those with low depression and low anxiety. The ANOVA analyses for trend across the 4 groups was also significant (p = 0.047). Depr = depression, Anx = anxiety; RMSSD = root mean square of successive differences.