Figure 1.

Figure 1a. Infection cycle of Bacillus anthracis. Cattle and other ungulates serve as hosts for Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. They inhale spores from the soil while grazing and, once ingested, these spores germinate. The bacteria then ultimately kill the host. Humans can be exposed to spores from the environment or contaminated animal products, such as meat or skin.

Figure 1b. Infection cycle of Yersinia pestis. Rodents are the hosts of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, and fleas are the vectors that spread the organism between hosts. Y. pestis continuously cycles between hosts and vectors without ever persisting in the environment. Humans are most commonly infected from the bite of an infected flea but can also become infected through contact with an infected rodent or other host.

Figure 1c. Infection cycle of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis. Type A tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis, is thought to be primarily a disease of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and arthropods. Lagomorphs are the hosts for the bacterium, and ticks and flies serve as vectors that transmit the disease between infected and naive hosts and may also serve as long-term reservoirs for the bacteria. Humans are typically infected by the bite of an infected tick or fly or by handling a diseased animal.

Figure 1d. Infection cycle of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica. Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica has a more complex life cycle. A variety of mammals are thought to serve as hosts, including hares, rabbits and beavers. Vectors include blood-feeding mosquitoes, tabanid flies and ticks, and ticks are also possibly long-term reservoirs for the pathogen. Water probably serves as one route of infection for mammals, which may seed aquatic areas. Humans become infected primarily by contact with infected hosts or vectors, but water may also be a source of infection.