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Infection frequency among progeny of HTM females mated with either HTM males (solid line) or HT1 males (broken line). (A) Experiment I (□), closed HTM line with no selection; experiment II (○), closed and outcrossed line selecting for infection at G11. (B) Experiment III, closed and outcrossed line at G13 across five gonotrophic cycles. Closing the population resulted in loss of infection in experiments, whereas outcrossing restored infection.
