Table 1.
Subject Characteristics and Test Scores
| Patients with Schizophrenia (n = 17) | Patients with Affective Psychosis (n = 17) | Normal Controls (n = 17) | F | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (range) | 22.9 ± 3.7 (18 –29) | 22.6 ± 3.9 (18 –30) | 22.2 ± 3.2 (18 –27) | .141 | 2,48 | .869 |
| Male/Female | 15/2 | 15/2 | 15/2 | |||
| Handednessa | .8 ± .2 | .7 ± .2 | .8 ± .2 | .634 | 2,47 | .535 |
| SESb | 3.5 ± 1.2c | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± .7 | 6.972 | 2,48 | .002 |
| Parental SES | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± .8 | 1.6 ± .9 | .843 | 2,48 | .437 |
| Mini-Mental | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 28.6 ± 1.8 | 28.9 ± 1.3 | 1.008 | 2,46 | .373 |
| WAIS-R Informationd | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 11.6 ± 3.5 | 13.1 ± 2.8 | 2.035 | 2,46 | .142 |
| WAIS-R Digits—Forwarde | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | .868 | 2,46 | .426 |
| WAIS-R Digits—Backward | 7.1 ± 2.6 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | 2.520 | 2,46 | .091 |
| WAIS-R Digits—Total | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 2.8 | 10.8 ± 2.2 | .733 | 2,46 | .486 |
| GASf | 36.7 ± 9.9 | 41.2 ± 17.1 | — | .889 | 1,31 | .353 |
| Age First Medicated | 22.5 ± 3.8 | 22.3 ± 3.8 | — | .019 | 1,32 | .893 |
| Median Duration of Medication, Days (range) | 15 (0 –765) | 10 (0 –549) | — | — | — | — |
| Medication (CPZ Equiv.)g | 327 ± 434 | 230 ± 193 | — | .695 | 1,32 | .411 |
| BPRS totalh | 37.8 ± 11.5 | 37.4 ± 12.2 | — | .009 | 1,31 | .924 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by a one-factor analysis of variance.
Handedness was assessed by the modified Oldfield Inventory (Oldfield 1971).
Socioeconomic status (SES) and parental SES were assessed using the Hollingshead Two-Factor measure (Hollingshead 1965). Higher scores indicate lower SES.
Post hoc Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test showed significant difference (p < .05) between patients with schizophrenia and normal control subjects.
The Information Subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R) was used as a gross estimate of general fund of information, scaled scores (Wecshler 1981).
The digits-forward and digits-backward subscales of the WAIS-R were used to evaluate immediate and short-term memory, attention, and concentration. Digits total, scaled scores.
Overall functioning was evaluated using the Global Assessment Scale (GAS; Endicott et al 1976).
Differences between Hirayasu et al (2001) medication means and the means reported here are due to newly available equivalence factors for atypical antipsychotics. CPZ Equiv, chlorpromazine equivalent.
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales (BPRS; Overall and Gorham 1962), used to evaluate psychotic features in six first-episode schizophrenia patients and in four affective psychosis patients. BPRS scores were calculated from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al 1986).