TNF, TNFRI, TNFRII and IL-6 levels were independent predictors of patient mortality and new-onset heart failure following a myocardial infarction (n = 184; p < 0.001). Similarly, TIMP-1 levels were an independent predictor of heart failure following a myocardial infarction (n = 404; p < 0.001). Furthermore, MMP-3 levels were independent predictors of cardiac death or hospitalization in patients with systolic heart failure (n = 71; p < 0.0001). Each hazard ratio is presented as mean ± 95% CI.
MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase; TNFR: TNF receptor.
Adapted from [39,42,59].