TABLE 5.

Secondary causes of constipation

Organic rectocolonic diseases

Rectocele

Colorectal cancer

Strictures (postdiverticulitis, postischemic, postsurgical anastomosis)

Metabolic conditions

Hypercalcemia

Hypothyroidism (severe)

Diabetes mellitus (with autonomic neuropathy)

Hypokalemia

Chronic renal failure

Diseases of central nervous system

Parkinson’s disease

Spinal cord injury

Multiple sclerosis

Enteric myopathies or neuropathies

Sclerodermia

Chronic pseudo-obstruction

Amyloidosis

Miscellaneous

Debilitating psychiatric diseases

Drugs