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Proposed schematic charts showing various mechanisms by which CSp and SeSp extracts inhibit LNCaP cell proliferation. Both extracts induced apoptosis through the extrinsic caspase-8 and intrinsic caspase-9 pathway. However, only the SeSp extract inhibited Akt phosphorylation and downstream mTOR phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation and survival.
