Table 1.

P2X Related Diseases

Disease	P2X Receptor Involvement	Citation
Alzheimer's Disease	P2X7 receptors up regulated around β-amyloid plaques P2X7 receptors stimulate excess superoxide production	[68, 121– 123]
Asthma	Found loss of function P2X7 genotype related to virus-induced loss of asthma control	[124]
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	P2X7 increases in microglia in end stage SOD1 animals Blocking P2X4 extends the life span of SOD1 mice High P2X4 levels in degenerating motor neurons in spinal cord ventral horns	[68, 125– 127]
Chaga's Disease	P2X7 receptor associated cell permeabilization	[128]
Chlamydia	Role for P2X7 in disease resistance	[129, 130]
Chronic Heart Failure	Upregulation of P2X6	[131]
Diabetes	Increased P2X7 receptor-induced pore formation and apoptosis in retinal microvasculature	[132]
Epilepsy	P2X2,4 decreased in hippocampus of seizure prone gerbils Evidence of microglial activation after status epilepticus	[133, 134]
Erectile Dysfunction	P2X1 knockout mice show a loss of sympathetic co-transmission in the vas deferens	[135, 136]
Inflammatory Bowl Disease	Upregulation of P2Y6 in T lymphocytes and increase in P2X7 induced cytokine expression	[137–139]
Interstitial Cystitis	Upregulation of P2X2, 3 in urotheilal cells	[140, 141]
Ischemia	P2X7 antagonists reduce infarct size	[142]
Major Depressive Disorder	Single-nucleotide polymorphism in P2X7 significantly associated	[143]
Migraine	P2X receptors involved in vasodilation phase	[144]
Multiple Sclerosis	P2X5, 6 absent in white and grey matter in the frontal cortex of MS tissue P2X7 deficient mice are more susceptible than wild type	[61, 125, 145–147]
Neuroblastoma	P2X7 mediates proliferation	[148]
Neuropathic Pain	P2X7 receptor antagonism reduces pain P2X4 receptor activation increases microglial activation and pain levels P2X4 receptor antagonists reduce pain P2X4 deficient mice lack mechanical hyperalgesia	[81, 82, 149–151]
Parkinson’s Disease	Disrupted cells stimulate P2X7 dependent cell death leading to pathogenesis of the disease Augmented P2X1, 3, 4, 6 proteins in lesions	[128, 152– 154]
Polycystic Kidney Disease	Purinergic signaling increases cyst expansion	[137]
Rheumatoid Arthritis	P2X7 activation increases leukocyte function and cartilage damage Use of a P2X7 antagonist reduces inflammation and associated pain	[155, 156]
Tuberculosis	P2X7 loss of function polymorphism increase susceptibility for TB reactivation	[157]