Table I.
Birth characteristics of controls and children with any cancer cases and by cancer subtypea
| Controls (n = 13331†) | Total Cases (n = 2552†) | Total leukemia (n = 913) | ALLa (n = 727) | AMLa (n = 124) | CNSa (n = 438) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 6788 (50.9) | 1444 (56.6) | 524 (57.4) | 409 (56.3) | 76 (61.3) | 253 (57.8) |
| Female | 6543 (49.1) | 1108 (43.4) | 389 (42.6) | 318 (43.7) | 48 (38.7) | 185 (42.2) |
| Pb | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0050 | 0.0215 | 0.0048 | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 5431 (40.7) | 1180 (46.2) | 387 (42.4) | 322 (44.3) | 45 (36.3) | 234 (53.4) |
| Black | 1568 (11.8) | 224 (8.8) | 63 (6.9) | 34 (4.7) | 19 (15.3) | 48 (11.0) |
| Hispanic | 5931 (44.5) | 1092 (42.8) | 442 (48.4) | 355 (48.8) | 55 (44.4) | 152 (34.7) |
| Other | 401 (3.0) | 56 (2.2) | 21 (2.3) | 16 (2.2) | 5 (4.0) | 4 (0.9) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.5038 | <0.0001 | |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SDa) | 26.0 (6.1) | 26.5 (6.2) | 26.8 (6.3) | 26.7 (6.1) | 27.6 (7.3) | 25.8 (6.0) |
| Range | 13–55 | 13–48 | ||||
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.0139 | 0.6001 | |
| < 35 | 12066 (90.5) | 2271 (89.0) | 799 (87.5) | 645 (88.7) | 97 (78.2) | 401 (91.5) |
| ≥ 35 | 1265 (9.5) | 281 (11.0) | 114 (12.5) | 82 (11.3) | 27 (21.8) | 37 (8.5) |
| P | 0.0175 | 0.0030 | 0.1103 | <0.0001 | 0.4635 | |
| Paternal age (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.0 (6.8) | 29.5 (6.9) | 29.8 (7.1) | 29.8 (7.0) | 30.9 (7.6) | 29.1 (6.9) |
| Range | (14–70) | (15–62) | ||||
| P | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0049 | 0.0061 | 0.8194 | |
| < 35 | 8971 (67.3) | 1703 (66.7) | 590 (64.6) | 480 (66.0) | 64 (51.6) | 304 (69.4) |
| ≥ 35 | 2293 (17.2) | 517 (20.3) | 207 (22.7) | 160 (22.0) | 39 (31.5) | 79 (18.0) |
| Missing | 2067 (15.5) | 332 (13.0) | 116 (12.7) | 87 (12.0) | 21 (16.9) | 55 (12.6) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | 0.2412 | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||||||
| < 37 | 1301 (9.8) | 253 (9.9) | 83 (9.1) | 65 (8.9) | 15 (12.1) | 40 (9.1) |
| 37–41 | 9408 (70.6) | 1829 (71.7) | 661 (72.4) | 523 (71.9) | 88 (80.0) | 299 (68.3) |
| ≥ 42 | 1574 (11.8) | 261 (10.2) | 99 (10.8) | 81 (11.1) | 13 (10.5) | 58 (13.2) |
| Missing | 1048 (7.9) | 209 (8.2) | 70 (7.7) | 58 (8.0) | 8 (6.4) | 41 (9.4) |
| P | 0.1488 | 0.6793 | 0.8185 | 0.7572 | 0.4874 | |
| Weight corrected for gestational age | ||||||
| SGA | 1343 (10.1) | 235 (9.2) | 72 (7.9) | 49 (6.7) | 14 (11.3) | 44 (10.1) |
| AGA | 9212 (69.1) | 1754 (68.7) | 631 (69.1) | 499 (68.6) | 87 (70.2) | 298 (68.0) |
| LGA (BW<4000 g) | 271 (2.0) | 64 (2.5) | 22 (2.4) | 19 (2.6) | 3 (2.4) | 9 (2.0) |
| LGA (BW≥4000 g) | 852 (6.4) | 201 (7.9) | 85 (9.3) | 76 (10.4) | 5 (4.0) | 33 (7.5) |
| Missing | 1653 (12.4) | 298 (11.7) | 103 (11.3) | 84 (11.6) | 15 (12.1) | 54 (12.3) |
| P | 0.0175 | 0.0023 | <0.0001 | 0.8489 | 0.9195 | |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||
| ≤ 2500 | 957 (7.2) | 181 (7.1) | 50 (5.5) | 35 (4.8) | 11 (8.9) | 31 (7.1) |
| 2501–3999 | 11068 (83.0) | 2061 (80.8) | 738 (80.8) | 583 (80.2) | 104 (83.9) | 350 (79.9) |
| ≥4000 | 1306 (9.8) | 310 (12.5) | 125 (13.7) | 109 (15.0) | 9 (7.2) | 57 (13.0) |
| P | 0.0015 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.5195 | 0.0848 | |
| Congenital malformation | ||||||
| No | 13029 (97.7) | 2464 (96.6) | 875 (95.8) | 704 (96.8) | 112 (90.3) | 426 (97.3) |
| Yes | 115 (0.9) | 54 (2.1) | 23 (2.5) | 10 (1.4) | 10 (8.1) | 6 (1.4) |
| Missing | 187 (1.4) | 34 (1.3) | 15 (1.6) | 13 (1.8) | 2 (1.6) | 6 (1.4) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2446 | <0.0001 | 0.5341 | |
| Down syndrome | ||||||
| No | 13326 (100.0) | 2538 (99.4) | 899 (98.5) | 722 (99.3) | 118 (95.2) | 438(100) |
| Yes | 5 (0.0) | 14 (0.6) | 14 (1.5) | 5 (0.7) | 6 (4.8) | |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
SD, standard deviation; SGA, small for gestational age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; BW, birth weight;
a
ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CNS, central nervous system tumors;
b
P-values derived from Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests;
†
Number of cases and controls were calculated before exclusion of twins and triplets.