Table 1.
Description of Study Population by Racea
| Total (N = 10 011) |
White (n = 8128) |
Black (n = 1883) |
P Value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.6 (14.5) | 67.8 (13.9) | 61.2 (16.5) | <.001 | |
| Male sex | 6021 (60.1) | 5057 (62.2) | 964 (51.2) | <.001 | |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Cardiac admitting diagnosis | 5907 (59.0) | 5046 (62.1) | 861 (45.7) | <.001 | |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 6515 (65.1) | 5246 (64.5) | 1269 (67.4) | .02 | |
| Characteristics Prior to Cardiac Arrest | |||||
| CHF during admission | 2503 (25.0) | 2082 (25.6) | 421 (22.4) | .003 | |
| Prior CHF before admission | 2676 (26.7) | 2192 (27.0) | 484 (25.7) | .26 | |
| MI during admission | 2783 (27.8) | 2456 (30.2) | 327 (17.4) | <.001 | |
| Prior MI before admission | 2473 (24.7) | 2180 (26.8) | 293 (15.6) | <.001 | |
| Hypotension | 2448 (24.5) | 2014 (24.8) | 434 (23.0) | .12 | |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 3571 (35.7) | 2881 (35.4) | 690 (36.6) | .33 | |
| Renal insufficiency | 3074 (30.7) | 2270 (27.9) | 804 (42.7) | <.001 | |
| Hepatic insufficiency | 593 (5.9) | 467 (5.7) | 126 (6.7) | .12 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3115 (31.1) | 2438 (30.0) | 677 (36.0) | <.001 | |
| Baseline CNS depression | 1082 (10.8) | 821 (10.1) | 261 (13.9) | <.001 | |
| Acute stroke | 388 (3.9) | 286 (3.5) | 102 (5.4) | <.001 | |
| Acute pneumonia | 1050 (10.5) | 829 (10.2) | 221 (11.7) | .05 | |
| Sepsis | 1159 (11.6) | 834 (10.3) | 325 (17.3) | <.001 | |
| Major trauma | 230 (2.3) | 173 (2.1) | 57 (3.0) | .02 | |
| History of pacemaker | 968 (9.7) | 857 (10.5) | 111 (5.9) | <.001 | |
| Hemodialysis | 398 (4.0) | 285 (3.5) | 113 (6.0) | <.001 | |
| Process Factors | |||||
| Level of monitoring | |||||
| Intensive care unit | 6270 (62.6) | 5123 (63.0) | 1147 (60.9) |  |
<.001 |
| Telemetry | 2197 (22.0) | 1842 (22.7) | 355 (18.9) | ||
| Not monitored | 1544 (15.4) | 1163 (14.3) | 381 (20.2) | ||
| Arrest response | |||||
| Hospitalwide code-blue alert | 8372 (83.6) | 6828 (84.0) | 1544 (82.0) | .03 | |
| After hours cardiac arrest | 7161 (71.5) | 5809 (71.5) | 1352 (71.8) | .77 | |
| Cardiac arrests in hospital with code team |
9762 (97.5) | 7905 (97.3) | 1857 (98.6) | <.001 | |
| Hospital Factors | |||||
| Geographic location | |||||
| Northeast | 1378 (13.8) | 1138 (14.0) | 240 (12.7) |  |
<.001 |
| Southeast | 3921 (39.2) | 3006 (37.0) | 915 (48.6) | ||
| Midwest | 2839 (28.4) | 2359 (29.0) | 480 (25.5) | ||
| Southwest | 964 (9.6) | 794 (9.8) | 170 (9.0) | ||
| West | 909 (9.1) | 831 (10.2) | 78 (4.1) | ||
| Total hospital beds | |||||
| <250 | 4178 (41.7) | 3391 (41.7) | 787 (41.8) |  |
<.001 |
| 250–499 | 3628 (36.2) | 3042 (37.4) | 586 (31.1) | ||
| ≥500 | 2205 (22.0) | 1695 (20.9) | 510 (27.1) | ||
| Academic hospital program | |||||
| Fellowship training | 6293 (62.9) | 4966 (61.1) | 1327 (70.5) |  |
<.001 |
| Residency training | 1559 (15.6) | 1313 (16.2) | 246 (13.1) | ||
| No training | 2159 (21.6) | 1849 (22.7) | 310 (16.5) | ||
Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; CNS, central nervous system; MI, myocardial infarction.
a
Values are expressed as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.