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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Dec 17.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA. 2009 Sep 16;302(11):1195–1201. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1340

Table 3.

Association Between Black Race and Likelihood of Survival and Favorable Neurological Outcome in Patients With Cardiac Arrest

RR (95% CI) P Value Survival Difference Explained, %a
Survival to discharge
    Unadjustedb 0.73 (0.67–0.79) <.001 NA
    Adjusted for age and sexb 0.70 (0.64–0.76) <.001 0
  Plus clinical characteristicsb 0.81 (0.75–0.88) <.001 30
   Plus hospital characteristicsb 0.82 (0.76–0.89) <.001 33
    Adjusted for age, sex, clinical characteristics, and hospitalc 0.89 (0.82–0.96) .002 59
  Plus processes of care and time to defibrillationc,d 0.90 (0.83–0.96) .004 63
Survival without major neurological deficite
    Unadjustedb 0.88 (0.78–0.98) .02 NA
    Adjusted for age and sexb 0.85 (0.76–0.95) .006 0
  Plus clinical characteristicsb 0.91 (0.82–1.02) .09 25
   Plus hospital characteristicsb 0.91 (0.81–1.01) .08 25
    Adjusted for age, sex, clinical characteristics, and hospitalc 0.94 (0.83–1.06) .35 50
  Plus processes of care and time to defibrillationc,d 0.94 (0.83–1.06) .35 50
Return of spontaneous circulation
    Unadjustedb 0.84 (0.81–0.88) <.001 NA
    Adjusted for age and sexb 0.84 (0.80–0.87) <.001 0
  Plus clinical characteristicsb 0.88 (0.84–0.92) <.001 25
   Plus hospital characteristicsb 0.89 (0.85–0.93) <.001 31
    Adjusted for age, sex, clinical characteristics, and hospitalc 0.92 (0.88–0.96) <.001 50
  Plus processes of care and time to defibrillationc,d 0.92 (0.88–0.97) <.001 50
Postresuscitation survival
    Unadjustedb 0.85 (0.79–0.91) <.001 NA
    Adjusted for age and sexb 0.83 (0.77–0.89) <.001 0
  Plus clinical characteristicsb 0.90 (0.84–0.96) .002 33
   Plus hospital characteristicsb 0.91 (0.85–0.97) .007 40
    Adjusted for age, sex, clinical characteristics, and hospitalc 0.99 (0.92–1.06) .77 93
  Plus processes of care and time to defibrillationc,d 0.99 (0.92–1.06) .68 93

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, data not applicable; RR, rate ratio.

a

Determined using the formula: 100×([RR of adjusted model−RR of unadjusted model]/[1−RR of unadjusted model]).

b

Indicates population–average estimates using generalized estimating equations.

c

Indicates hospital–specific estimates using hierarchical models.

d

Time to defibrillation as a continuous variable. Results were similar when time to defibrillation was evaluated as a categorical variable (≤2 vs >2 minutes).

e

Favorable neurological status was defined as a cerebral performance category score of 1 (ie, without major neurological deficits) among patients surviving to hospital discharge.