Table 2. Organ involvement in HUVS*.
Skin | 100% | Urticarial exanthema, urticarial vasculitis, palpable purpura, angioedema |
Joints | 70% | Arthralgia and arthritis |
Kidneys | 50% | Proteinuria, hematuria, renal insufficiency, rapid progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) |
Gastrointestinal tract | 30% | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, serositis |
Lungs | 20% | Shortness of breath, coughing, hemoptysis, pleural effusion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
Eyes | 10% | Episcleritis, uveitis, conjunctivitis |
Heart | Rare | Pericarditis, cardiac valve disease |
Nervous system | Rare | Pseudotumor cerebri, aseptic meningitis, central or peripheral nerve palsy |
* modified from (23); HUVS, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome