Means and standard errors of measures of processing difficulty associated with the critical word [e.g., tossed in sentences 2a and 3a); thrown in sentences 2b and 3b)] and overall sentence comprehension. (A) Proportion of trials with first-pass regression from critical word. (B) Go-past time from first fixation on critical word to first fixation beyond it. (C) Proportion of trials with fixation on earlier preposition (at/toward) during go-past reading of critical word. (D) Accuracy in comprehension-question answering. (E) First-pass time on critical word. In A–C, interactions between preposition and critical-word ambiguity are significant (all ANOVA P < 0.05); in D, the interaction is P = 0.087. In E, main effect of critical-word ambiguity is significant (ANOVA P < 0.05 by participants, P < 0.1 by items).