Table 3. Estimates of genetic differentiation and gene flow for the genes encoding ten P. falciparum vaccine antigens.
| AMONG COUNTRIES | AMONG REGIONS | |||
| AFRICA | ASIA PACIFIC | AMERICAS | ||
| A. | ||||
| csp | 0.02** | 0.08*** | 0.27*** | 0.21*** |
| trap | n.a. | 0.0021 | n.a. | 0.007** |
| lsa1 | n.a. | 0.05* | n.a. | 0.09*** |
| ama1 | <0.01 | 0.02*** | n.a. | 0.03*** |
| eba175 | 0.01 | n.a. | n.a. | 0.05*** |
| msp1 | 0.03 | 0.18*** | 0.42*** | 0.22*** |
| msp3 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.07*** |
| msp4 | n.a. | 0.01 | n.a. | 0.02** |
| glurp | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.30*** |
| pfs48/45 | n.a. | 0.03 | n.a. | 0.20*** |
| B. | ||||
| csp | 0.02 | 0.08*** | 0.29*** | 0.25*** |
| trap | n.a. | 0.12*** | n.a. | 0.12*** |
| lsa1 | n.a. | 0.03ns | n.a. | 0.09** |
| ama1 | 0.01* | 0.02*** | n.a. | 0.03*** |
| eba175 | <0 | n.a. | n.a. | 0.07*** |
| msp1 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| msp3 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.11*** |
| msp4 | n.a. | 0.01 | n.a. | 0.02* |
| glurp | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.40*** |
| pfs48/45 | n.a. | <0 | n.a. | 0.22*** |
| C. | ||||
| csp | 10.56 | 2.24 | 0.37 | 0.70 |
| trap | n.a. | 0.30 | n.a. | 0.40 |
| lsa1 | n.a. | 3.37 | n.a. | 1.76 |
| ama1 | 6.63 | 8.34 | n.a. | 3.36 |
| eba175 | −39.11 | n.a. | n.a. | 2.03 |
| msp1 | 8.08 | 1.14 | 0.35 | 0.89 |
| msp3 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.85 |
| msp4 | n.a. | −22.24 | n.a. | 38.48 |
| glurp | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.18 |
| pfs48/45 | n.a. | −4.82 | n.a. | 0.65 |
*
0.01<P<0.05.
**
0.001<P<0.01; P<0.001; n.a. not applicable.
For each antigen, F ST statistics were calculated from both (A) haplotype frequencies and (B) sequence diversity (except for MSP1 for which only haplotype frequencies were used) and (C) gene flow (Nm). Nm>1 is considered a high level of gene flow. The P-values shown in the key are for F ST only and were not available for Nm.