. 2009 Dec;44(6):1983–2003. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01024.x

Table 3.

Logistic Regression Results, Michigan Dually Eligible Nursing Home Residents, 1997–2000, Marginal Effects^‡ and Robust Standard Errors

	Diagnosis at Death or Same Month as Death (n=1,316)			Pain Medication in Month of or after Cancer Diagnosis (n=973)
	All BBA Variables	Post-BBA only	BBA Phase- In Only	All BBA Variables	Post-BBA Only	BBA Phase- In Only
Variables	dy/dx (Robust SE)	dy/dx (Robust SE)	dy/dx (Robust SE)	dy/dx (Robust SE)	dy/dx (Robust SE)	dy/dx (Robust SE)
Organizational characteristics
Nursing hours/patient day	−0.029^*	−0.028^*	−0.027^*	0.004	0.004	0.007
	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.018)
Ownership
NFP (referent)	—	—	—	—	—	—
For-profit ownership	0.017	0.015	0.014	0.052	0.050	0.049
	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.038)	(0.039)	(0.038)
Government ownership	0.087	0.092	0.106^†	0.040	0.040	0.049
	(0.062)	(0.062)	(0.064)	(0.077)	(0.077)	(0.076)
% Medicaid	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.004^***	−0.004^***	−0.004^***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
% Medicare	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.006^**	−0.006^**	−0.007^**
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Occupancy	0.003^†	0.003	0.002	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Market characteristics
County Herfindahl index	−0.060	−0.064	−0.073	0.143	0.144	0.133
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.106)	(0.106)	(0.106)
Short-term general hospital beds/1,000 population in county	−0.025^*	−0.025^*	−0.028^*	−0.005	−0.005	−0.007
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Post-Balanced Budget Act diagnosis	0.110^***	0.088^***	—	0.077	0.085^**	—
	(0.030)	(0.018)		(0.054)	(0.033)
BBA phase-in	−0.076	—	0.090^**	−0.014	—	0.133^*
	(0.069)		(0.032)	(0.099)		(0.067)
Diagnosed after BBRA	0.025	—	—	0.042	—	—
	(0.035)			(0.043)
Patient characteristics
Age (years)
66–70 (referent)	—	—	—	—	—	—
71–75	−0.035	−0.039	−0.047	−0.081	−0.080	−0.086
	(0.043)	(0.042)	(0.041)	(0.071)	(0.071)	(0.073)
76–80	0.007	0.004	−0.002	−0.097	−0.098	−0.102
	(0.056)	(0.055)	(0.057)	(0.072)	(0.072)	(0.073)
81–85	0.069	0.066	−0.062	−0.096^†	−0.096^†	−0.100^†
	(0.048)	(0.047)	(0.048)	(0.055)	(0.056)	(0.057)
≥86	0.124^*	0.120^*	0.116^*	−0.157^**	−0.157^**	−0.159^**
	(0.051)	(0.050)	(0.051)	(0.057)	(0.057)	(0.058)
Race
White (referent)	—	—	—	—	—	—
African American/other	−0.058^†	−0.056^†	−0.053^†	−0.063	−0.061	−0.058
	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.052)	(0.051)	(0.053)
Sex
Male (referent)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Female	−0.004	−0.005	−0.007	0.073^*	0.073^*	0.070^*
	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.031)
Alzheimer's disease	0.042^*	0.042^*	0.049^*	0.009	0.009	0.011
	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.029)	(0.029)	(0.030)
Stayed 31–90 days before diagnosis	−0.058	−0.057	−0.053	−0.281^***	−0.280^***	−0.279^***
	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.047)	(0.046)	(0.048)
Hospice	−0.144^*	−0.143^*	−0.143^*	−0.104	−0.106	−0.097
	(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.063)	(0.091)	(0.090)	(0.088)
Diagnosed at death	—	—	—	−0.094^***	−0.094^***	−0.088^***
				(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)
Cancer sites
Other (referent)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Breast	0.002	0.003	0.001	—	—	—
	(0.042)	(0.043)	(0.044)
Colorectal	0.001	0.003	0.007	—	—	—
	(0.041)	(0.041)	(0.044)
Lung	0.085	0.086	0.094	—	—	—
	(0.062)	(0.062)	(0.063)
Prostate	0.167^*	0.166^*	0.163^*	—	—	—
	(0.070)	(0.070)	(0.071)
Other gastrointestinal	0.019	0.017	0.018	—	—	—
	(0.051)	(0.050)	(0.049)
Pancreas	0.076	0.078	0.085	—	—	—
	(0.073)	(0.073)	(0.073)
Urinary bladder	−0.203^***	−0.203^***	−0.204^***	—	—	—
	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.030)
Leukemias	0.088	0.091	0.086	—	—	—
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.063)
Wald's χ²	309.39	244.05	238.49	184.06	167.63	159.20
Prob. χ²	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

^‡

Marginal effects at mean for continuous variables, for discrete change from 0 to 1 for binary variables.

^†

p<.10.

p<.05.

^**

p<.01.

^***

p<.001.

BBA, Balanced Budget Act; BBRA, Balanced Budget Refinement Act.