DCs were cultured for 1 h with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 (SB), the ERK1/2 inhibitors UO126 (U), PD98059 (PD), the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP) or with a combination (SB+U+PD+SP). After incubation, the cells were stimulated for 24 and 48 h with LPS or OmpA− ES and cytokine secretion was analyzed by ELISA. The error bars represent standard deviations of triplicate samples from six individual experiments. The production of cytokines in DCs pretreated with MAP kinase inhibitors was significantly lower in comparison to LPS treated cells, *p<0.001 calculated by Student’s t test.