. 2008 Dec;12(3):107–111. doi: 10.4103/0019-5278.44690

Table 1.

Neopterin and different diseases

Reference	Title	Number of subjects & Study design	Results			Comments
Altindag et. al.[²]	Neopterin is a new biomarker for the evaluation of occupational exposure to silica	Serum and urinary neopterin level investigated in silica exposed (n=22) and healthy volunteers (n=20) investigated by ELISA spectrophotometry & HPLC technique	Elevated levels of Neopterin in serum and urine were observed.			Neopterin can be used for biological monitoring in workplaces for clinical diagnosis and prognosis.
				Control	Exposed patient
			Serum	5.98±0.44 nmol/L	7.89±1.97nmol/L
			Urine	97.60±41.42μmol/mol creatinine	165.59±78.20μmol/mol creatinine
Prakava, et. al.[²⁶]	The potential role of neopterin as a biomarker for silicosis.	Serum Neopterin concentration measured in 60 patients with silicosis, according to conventional X-ray observation (ILO 2002). Investigation on 84 RA patients was performed	The serum Neopterin level significantly higher as compared to control group.			The increased serum neopterin concentration could be used as a biomarker for silicosis.
			Control	Exposed patient
			1.56±0.39 ng/ml	2.74±1.12ng/ml
Kullich et. al.	Correlation of interleukin-2 receptor and neopterin secretion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).		The significant correlation between neopterin and IL-2R in RA points out a possible connection in mechanisms of the immune system			In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) T-lymphocytes, the secretion of interleukin-2 and its receptor (IL-2R) is influenced
Santelli et. al.[²⁹]	Urinary neopterin and immunological feature in patient with kaposi's Sarcoma	Neopterin excretion level and immunological features of 20 patient of CKS and 30 normal control	Classical form of CKS increases neopterin level were as significant reduction in CD+3, CD+4 lymphocytes. CD+8 did not show significant variation. Increase IgA are observed.			These finding seems to confirm CKS as an opportunistic neoplasia indicate neopterin as a prognostic marker.
Wang. et. al.[³⁰]	Increased serum levels of neopterin and soluble Interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), in ICP.	30 patients with ICP and 30 healthy pregnant ladies serum levels assayed for neopterin and sIL-2R.	Serum levels of Neopterin and sIL-2R were increase significantly in women with ICP			Activation of monocytes macrophage and lymphocyte demonstrated in ICP.
Ghonaim et. al.[³¹]	Soluble Interleukin- 2 Receptor Alpha (sIL-2Rα) and Neopterin In Patient With Pulmonary Tuberculosis	The study included 44 patients with active pulmonary TB and 20 controls. Serum levels of sIL-2Rα and neopterin were determined.	Significantly elevated levels of sIL-2Rα observed in TB patient with active diseases (1253±492pgm/ml) as compared to controls (412±173pg/ml) and the neopterin level observed also higher in active TB (45.8±17.1nmol/L) than controls (5.2±1.8nmol/L).	sIL-2Rα and neopterin serum level are increased in patient with pulmonary TB and can be used as markers for disease activity and follow up of anti-tuberculosis treatment.
Fuith et. al.[³²]	Neopterin, a marker of cell mediated immune activation in human pregnancy.	Serum and urine samples were studied for neopterin and INF-γ concentration in normal pregnant women.	Neopterin concentration exceeded the normal range in (79%) of pregnant ladies. Neopterin levels increase with the time of pregnancy. However no circulation of INF-γ was detected.	Neopterin levels provide evidences for activation of cell mediated immunity during pregnancy.
Yao et. al.[³³]	Elevation serum neopterin level: its relation to endotoxaemia and sepsis in patient with major burns.	This prospective study included 35 patients with burn size greater than 30% and 22 healthy volunteers.	High neopterin level was found in patient with sepsis and the marked elevation persists. Patient with endotoxaemia had much high neopterin concentration.	High neopterin levels associated with a critical event in the development of severe burn sepsis.
Weiss et. al.[¹²]	Neopterin modulates toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen and chloride species.	This study performed to test the ability of neopterin and its reduced form to modulate the effect of cytotoxic substances like hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorous acid and N-chloramine derivatives.	Observations showed that 7,8-dihydroneopterin potentially reduces biological and chemical effects of these substances independently from the pH value. In contrast, at slightly alkaline pH (pH 7.5) neopterin enhances hydrogen peroxide and chloramine-T activity.	Neopterin is able both to enhance and to reduce the cytotoxicity in dependence of pH value and its oxidation state, and it may have a pivotal role in modulation of macrophage mediated effector mechanism.
Razumovitch et. al,[³⁴]	Influence of neopterin on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human neutrophils	The study performs the influence of neopterin on the generation of ROS in neutrophils suspended in Earl's solution by monitoring of biochemiluminometer.	Neopterin induced luminance in suspensions of neutrophils in the presence of luminal, but not in lucigenin and also observed that neopterin affect the adhesive cells.	Neutrophils respond on exposure to neopterin with additional generation of singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide.