Table 2.
Multivariate relative risk* and 95% confidence intervals of cancer for categories of dairy food and dietary, supplemental and total calcium intakes in men
| Categories† |
p trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| All cancers‡ (n=36,965§) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.19 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.76 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | - | 0.18 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.95 (0.96–1.03) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.74 |
| Head and neck cancer|| (n=1,038) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.05 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 1.18 (0.81–1.73) | - | 0.07 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.99 (0.82–1.21) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.99 |
| Esophageal cancer¶ (n=468) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.002 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | 0.72 (0.54–0.97) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.66 (0.49–0.90) | 0.01 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 1.21 (0.89–1.63) | 1.32 (0.80–2.17) | - | 0.14 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 0.23 |
| Stomach cancer** (n=512) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.80–1.34) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) | 0.03 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 0.15 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.92–1.35) | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 1.51 (0.95–2.39) | - | 0.17 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.58 |
| Colorectal cancer†† (n=3,463) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 0.01 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 0.03 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.91(0.79–1.04) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | - | 0.01 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 0.001 |
| Liver cancer‡‡ (n=311) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) | 1.04 (0.72–1.48) | 0.84 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.97 (0.69–1.38) | 0.87 (0.61–1.26) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 0.86 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.78 (0.50–1.20) | 1.03 (0.53–2.03) | - | 0.54 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.52–1.08) | 1.20 (0.87–1.67) | 0.83 (0.58–1.20) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.61 |
| Pancreatic cancer§§ (n=717) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.76–1.20) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.13 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.92 (0.72–1.16) | 0.82 (0.64–1.06) | 0.11 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.90 (0.69–1.19) | 1.17 (0.77–1.77) | - | 0.90 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.39 |
| Lung cancer§§ (n=4,287) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 0.36 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 0.68 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | - | 0.64 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.76 |
| Prostate cancer|||| (n=17,189) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.01 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | 0.14 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | - | 0.21 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.21 |
| Bladder cancer¶¶ (n=1,417) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.86–1.19) | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | 0.03 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | 0.10 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.99 (0.83–1.20) | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | - | 0.34 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.11 |
| Kidney cancer*** (n=991) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.08 (0.87–1.35) | 0.54 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.93 (0.75–1.14) | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.86 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | - | 0.22 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | 0.10 |
| Thyroid cancer‡‡ (n=170) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.60–1.72) | 1.48 (0.91–2.42) | 1.59 (0.98–2.57) | 0.78 (0.45–1.37) | 0.41 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.53 (0.90–2.62) | 1.67 (0.98–2.84) | 1.71 (1.00–2.91) | 1.19 (0.67–2.12) | 0.98 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.61–1.17) | 0.92 (0.54–1.57) | 0.70 (0.26–1.91) | - | 0.44 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | 1.07 (0.66–1.74) | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) | 0.79 (0.46–1.34) | 0.43 |
| Brain cancer‡‡ (n=390) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) | 1.01 (0.74–1.37) | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.52 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) | 0.65 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | - | 0.25 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | 0.89 (0.65–1.23) | 0.98 |
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma‡‡ (n=1,267) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.56 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.76 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | - | 0.33 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.77 |
| Leukemia‡‡ (n=757) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 0.41 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | 0.49 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 0.93 (0.59–1.47) | - | 0.78 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.88 (0.69–1.21) | 0.38 |
| Myeloma‡‡ (n=369) | ||||||
| Dairy foods | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) | 1.38 (1.00–1.92) | 1.15 (0.81–1.61) | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 0.63 |
| Dietary calcium | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.77–1.51) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 1.27 (0.91–1.77) | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 0.71 |
| Supplemental calcium | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | 0.60 (0.28–1.27) | - | 0.04 |
| Total calcium | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 0.42 |
Adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and others), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/postgraduate), marital status (married, not-married), body mass index (BMI, continuous), family history of cancer (yes, no), vigorous physical activity (never/rarely, ≤3 times/month, 1–2, 3–4, and ≥5 time/week), alcohol consumption (0, <5, 5–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day), and intakes of red meat (quintiles) and total energy (continuous) and additional variables listed in each footnote below.
Dairy food and dietary and total calcium intakes were categorized according to quintiles of the distribution. The medians for category 1–5 were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.4 servings/1000kcal/day for dairy food; 478, 616, 739, 899 and 1247 mg/day for dietary calcium; and 526, 498, 857, 1073, and 1530 mg/day for total calcium. Supplemental calcium intake was categorized into four groups, 0, >0–<400, 400–<1,000, and ≥1,000 mg/day. Dietary and supplemental calcium intakes were mutually adjusted in the multivariate models.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking status (never, former, and current), time since quitting smoking (never, stopped ≥10 years ago, stopped 5–9 years ago, stopped 1–4 years ago, stopped <1 year ago, and currently smoking), smoking dose (0, 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, >60 cigarettes/day), antacid use (yes, no), personal history of diabetes (yes, no) and hypertension (yes, no), PSA test (yes, no), and intakes of fat (quintiles), fruit and vegetables (quintiles), whole grains (quintiles), protein (quintiles), total beverages (quintiles), folate (quintiles), tomatoes (quintiles), alpha-linolenic acid (quintiles), and selenium (quintiles).
Number of cases
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking status, time since quitting smoking, smoking dose, and intakes of fruit and vegetables.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking status, time since quitting smoking, smoking dose, antacid use, and intake of fruit and vegetables.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking (never, ≤20 cigarettes/day in the past, >20 cigarettes/day in the past, currently ≤20 cigarettes/day, and currently >20 cigarettes/day), and antacid use.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking, and intakes of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, and folate.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote +smoking status, time since quitting smoking, and smoking dose.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking, personal history of diabetes, PSA test, and intakes of tomatoes, alpha-linolenic acid, and selenium.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking status, time since quitting smoking, smoking dose, and intakes of fruit and vegetables, and total beverages.
Adjusted for variables listed in the asterisked footnote + smoking, personal history of diabetes and hypertension, and intake of protein.