Table 4.
Adjusted1 geometric mean differences (95% CIs) in daily intake of food groups and nutrients by population subgroups (only women)
| Food groups/ nutrients (unit) | Urban – Rural2 | P Value | Turkmen - Non-Turkmen2 | P Value | Some School - No School2 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bread (g) | −154.7 (−264.0 – −72.2) | <0.01 | −87.0 (−196.2 – −5.0) | 0.04 | −35.8 (−119.9 – 28.9) | 0.30 |
| Cereal (g) | −63.4 (−124.6 – −8.0) | 0.02 | −7.7 (−67.8 – 46.7) | 0.79 | −14.8 (−69.7 – 35.2) | 0.57 |
| Legumes (g) | 5.9 (−2.8 – 10.3) | 0.14 | −13.4 (−34.1 – −2.7) | 0.01 | −4.3 (−15.4 – 1.7) | 0.20 |
| Vegetables (g) | 35.9 (7.8 – 55.8) | 0.02 | −45.5 (−94.0 – −11.6) | 0.01 | 0.52 (−29.9 – 22.5) | 0.97 |
| Fruit (g) | 250.5 (195.2 – 270.2) | <0.01 | 57.6 (−10.7 – 81.5) | 0.08 | −4.1 (−122.7 – 41.0) | 0.91 |
| Potato (g) | −16.2 (−39.8 – −1.5) | 0.03 | 0.58 (−18.8 – 12.6) | 0.94 | 12.5 (−2.6 – 22.3) | 0.09 |
| Meat (g) | 33.1 (18.5 – 41.2) | <0.01 | 14.7 (0.28 – 22.6) | 0.05 | 3.9 (−14.8 – 14.6) | 0.61 |
| Fish (g) | 3.4 (0.40 – 4.7) | 0.03 | 3.7 (2.0 – 4.5) | <0.01 | −0.33 (−4.1 – 1.5) | 0.79 |
| Eggs (g) | 7.5 (4.0 – 9.4) | <0.01 | 1.2 (−3.3 – 3.7) | 0.50 | 2.5 (−1.6 – 4.8) | 0.18 |
| Dairy products (g) | 97.4 (48.1 – 126.8) | <0.01 | 41.5 (−11.2 – 72.2) | 0.10 | 24.4 (−29.2 – 58.1) | 0.31 |
| Fat [food group] (g) | 5.0 (−3.8 – 11.9) | 0.24 | 6.4 (−1.9 – 12.8) | 0.12 | −1.1 (−9.9 – 5.8) | 0.77 |
| Sugar (g) | 14.0 (−0.11 – 23.6) | 0.05 | 12.4 (−0.27 – 21.0) | 0.05 | −0.03 (−15.0 – 10.4) | 1.00 |
| Tea (ml) | −8.6 (−268.8 – 188.7) | 0.94 | 213.4 (−3.0 – 376.9) | 0.05 | −92.4 (−341.4 – 100.3) | 0.38 |
| Nonalcoholic Beverages (ml) | 223.0 (−593.5 – 613.3) | 0.47 | 180.0 (−617.0 – 542.2) | 0.55 | −174.6 (−1085.8 – 267.8) | 0.53 |
| Condiments (g) | 3.9 (−1.3 – 7.7) | 0.12 | −4.3 (−11.2 – 0.80) | 0.11 | 0.04 (−5.2 – 4.0) | 0.99 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | −30.3 (−50.2 – −11.3) | <0.01 | −19.2 (−39.6 – 0.58) | 0.05 | −2.3 (−20.2 – 14.8) | 0.80 |
| Protein (g) | 4.2 (−0.47 – 8.5) | 0.08 | −1.5 (−6.5 – 3.0) | 0.52 | 1.6 (−2.8 – 5.7) | 0.46 |
| Fat [nutrient] (g) | 15.2 (5.8 – 23.1) | <0.01 | 10.9 (1.7 – 18.5) | 0.02 | 0.79 (−8.9 – 8.9) | 0.86 |
| SFA (g) | 6.8 (4.4 – 8.8) | <0.01 | 3.4 (1.0 – 5.4) | 0.01 | 0.83 (−1.9 – 3.0) | 0.51 |
| MUFA (g) | 4.6 (0.32 – 8.0) | 0.04 | 4.3 (0.29 – 7.5) | 0.04 | −0.12 (−4.4 – 3.4) | 0.95 |
| PUFA (g) | 1.8 (−1.8 – 4.6) | 0.29 | 3.1 (−0.13 – 5.7) | 0.06 | 0.3 (−3.1 – 3.1) | 0.84 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 113.1 (54.3 – 130.9) | <0.01 | 39.7 (10.9 – 58.9) | 0.01 | 19.1 (−15.0 – 42.8) | 0.23 |
| Vit. A (RE μg) | 519.8 (385.3 – 596.4) | <0.01 | 18.7 (−202.8 – 143.6) | 0.83 | −92.4 (−326.9 – 46.3) | 0.23 |
| Vit. C (mg) | 23.5 (12.9 – 31.2) | <0.01 | −0.2 (−14.0 – 10.0) | 0.97 | 7.3 (−4.1 – 15.7) | 0.19 |
| Vit. E (mg) | 0.78 (0.51 – 0.93) | <0.01 | 0.06 (−0.35 – 0.29) | 0.70 | −0.03 (−0.44 – 0.20) | 0.83 |
| Beta-carotene (μg) | 82.5 (61.5 – 93.5) | <0.01 | 4.9 (−30.6 – 23.1) | 0.72 | 12.1 (−18.5 – 28.8) | 0.35 |
| Energy3 (kcal) | −231.4 (−590.9 – 71.0) | 0.14 | −128.6 (−498.5 – 181.1) | 0.44 | 204.2 (−99.5 – 462.5) | 0.17 |
1
Adjusted for energy intake, age, place of residence (urban vs. rural), ethnicity (Turkmen vs. non-Turkmen), and education (some school vs. no school), excluding the variable of interest from adjustments.
2
Geometric mean of daily intake by the first population subgroup minus geometric mean of daily intake by the second population subgroup.
3
Similar to 1 except for no adjustment for energy intake.
Abbreviations: RE, retinol equivalents; SFA, saturated fatty acids, MUFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids.