Table 4.

Childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and other covariates: multiple logistic regression models of grade retention

Independent variables	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI) model 1	Adjusted OR (95% CI) model 2
CBCL symptoms
Hyperactivity-inattention	4.62 (3.20–6.67)***	3.58 (2.38–5.39)***	2.68 (1.76–4.10)***
Anxious/depressed	1.62 (1.15–2.27)**
Conduct disorder	1.93 (1.38–2.70)***	1.84 (1.21–2.80)**	1.62 (1.04–2.51)*
Oppositional defiant disorder	1.39 (1.03–1.89)*
Familial variables
Low income	1.41 (1.11–1.80)**	1.15 (0.88–1.50)	1.16 (0.88–1.53)
Parents divorced, separated, widowed or single	1.71 (1.08–2.70)*
Parental psychopathology	1.25 (0.90–1.73)

Model 1 (N=1209) was adjusted on Age and Gender

Model 2 (N=1182) was adjusted on Age, Gender and School difficulties previous to baseline

^***p<0.001,

^**p<0.01,

^*p<0.05

Due to the occurrence of grade retention prior to baseline in 153 subjects, we conducted further analyses in order to test the robustness of our findings:

1/ when we restricted analyses to subjects without prior grade retention at baseline, results remained significant before [Hyperactivity-inattention: OR=3.09 (1.99–4.80), Conduct disorder: 1.74 (1.11–2.74)] and after adjustment on school difficulties previous to baseline [Hyperactivity-inattention: OR=2.49 (1.58–3.94), Conduct disorder: OR=1.69 (1.07–2.68)]

2/ when we adjusted the models on grade retention prior to baseline, results remained significant before [Hyperactivity-inattention: OR=3.16 (2.05–4.86), Conduct disorder: OR=1.61 (1.03–2.52)] and after adjustment on school difficulties previous to baseline [Hyperactivity-inattention: OR=2.50 (1.60–3.90), Conduct disorder: OR=1.58 (1.00–2.48)]