Table 10.

Comparison of the three trials of intensive glycemic control and CVD outcomes

	ACCORD	ADVANCE	VADT
Participant characteristics
n	10,251	11,140	1,791
Mean age (years)	62	66	60
Duration of diabetes (years)	10	8	11.5
History of CVD (%)	35	32	40
Median baseline A1C (%)	8.1	7.2	9.4
On insulin at baseline (%)	35	1.5	52
Protocol characteristics
A1C goals (%) (I vs. S)*	<6.0 vs. 7.0–7.9	≤6.5 vs. “based on local guidelines”	<6.0 (action if >6.5) vs. planned separation of 1.5
Protocol for glycemic control (I vs. S)*	Multiple drugs in both arms	Multiple drugs added to gliclizide vs. multiple drugs with no gliclizide	Multiple drugs in both arms
Management of other risk factors	Embedded blood pressure and lipid trials	Embedded blood pressure trial	Protocol for intensive treatment in both arms
On-study characteristics
Achieved median A1C (%) (I vs. S)	6.4 vs. 7.5	6.3 vs. 7.0	6.9 vs. 8.5
On insulin at study end (%) (I vs. S)*	77 vs. 55*	40 vs. 24	89 vs. 0.74
Weight changes (kg)
Intensive glycemic control arm	+3.5	−0.1	+7.8
Standard glycemic control arm	+0.4	−1.0	+3.4
Severe hypoglycemia (participants with one or more episodes during study) (%)
Intensive glycemic control arm	16.2	2.7	21.2
Standard glycemic control arm	5.1	1.5	9.9
Outcomes
Definition of primary outcome	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, CVD death	Microvascular plus macrovascular (nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, CVD death) outcomes	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, CVD death, hospitalization for heart failure, revascularization
HR for primary outcome (95% CI)	0.90 (0.78–1.04)	0.9 (0.82–0.98); macrovascular 0.94 (0.84–1.06)	0.88 (0.74–1.05)
HR for mortality findings (95% CI)	1.22 (1.01–1.46)	0.93 (0.83–1.06)	1.07 (0.81–1.42)

*Insulin rates for ACCORD are for any use during the study. I, intensive glycemic control; S, standard glycemic control. Abridged from ref. 52.