Table 17.

Plasma blood glucose and A1C goals for type 1 diabetes by age-group

Values by age (years)	Plasma blood glucose goal range (mg/dl)		A1C	Rationale
	Before meals	Bedtime/overnight
Toddlers and preschoolers (0–6)	100–180	110–200	<8.5% (but >7.5%)	High risk and vulnerability to hypoglycemia
School age (6–12)	90–180	100–180	<8%	Risks of hypoglycemia and relatively low risk of complications prior to puberty
Adolescents and young adults (13–19)	90–130	90–150	<7.5%	Risk of severe hypoglycemia
				Developmental and psychological issues
				A lower goal (<7.0%) is reasonable if it can be achieved without excessive hypoglycemia
Key concepts in setting glycemic goals: Goals should be individualized and lower goals may be reasonable based on benefit-risk assessment. Blood glucose goals should be higher than those listed above in children with frequent hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia unawareness. Postprandial blood glucose values should be measured when there is a discrepancy between pre-prandial blood glucose values and A1C levels and to help assess glycemia in those on basal/bolus regimens.