Table 1.
Analytical studies investigating the relation between long-term PM exposure and total mortality.
| Reference, Study design, Country | Sex, age at enrolment | Number of deaths | Risk indicator, measurement unit | Relative risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoek et al., 2002, NLCS cohort, the Netherlands | MF, 55-69 | 489 | - Model 1a | - Model 1a |
| BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.04 (0.65-1.64) | |||
| Living near a major road | 1.53 (1.01-2.33) | |||
| - Model 2b | - Model 2b | |||
| BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.31 (0.95-1.80) | |||
| Beelen et al., 2007, NLCS cohort, the Netherlands | MF, 55-69 | 17,674 | - Model 3c | - Model 3c |
| BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.05 (1.00-1.10) | |||
| Filleul et al., 2005, PAARC cohort, France | MF, 25-59 | 2396 | TSP, 10 μg/m3 (24 areas) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) |
| TSP, 10 μg/m3 (18 areas)d | 1.05 (1.02-1.08) | |||
| BS, 10 μg/m3 (24 areas) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | |||
| BS, 10 μg/m3 (18 areas)d | 1.07 (1.03-1.10) | |||
| Gehring et al., 2006, cohort, Germany | F, 50-59 | 399 | Average 1-year concentration PM10, 7 μg/m3 |
1.08 (0.94-1.25) |
| Average 5-year concentration PM10, 7 μg/m3 |
1.13 (0.99-1.30) | |||
| Naess et al., 2007a, cohort, Norway | M, 51-70 | NA | PM2.5, quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.44 (1.32-1.58) |
| F, 51-70 | NA | PM2.5, quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.41 (1.27-1.43) | |
| M, 71-90 | NA | PM2.5, quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.18 (1.10-1.26) | |
| F, 71-90 | NA | PM2.5, quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.11 (1.05-1.17) |
BS: black smoke; CI: confidence interval; NA: not available; NLCS: Netherlands Cohort Study; PAARC: Pollution Atmosphérique et Affections Respiratoires Chroniques; PM: particulate matter; TSP: total suspended particulate
a Model 1: Local and regional effects were separately included in the model
b Model 2: Local and regional effects were combined in a single variable
c Model 3: Exposure was calculated according to local, urban and regional components
d Six areas for which the NO/NO2 ratio was >3 were excluded