TABLE 3.

Metabolic responses by treatment group

	Group			Time × group interaction (P)
	Control	WL	WL+EX
n	19	20	20
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)
Baseline	5.5 ± 0.1	5.7 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.1
Final	5.3 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.1‡	5.0 ± 0.1‡
Change	−0.2 ± 0.1	−0.6 ± 0.2§	−0.6 ± 0.1§	0.022
Fasting insulin (mU/l)
Baseline	15.8 ± 1.0	18.3 ± 1.1	15.8 ± 1.3
Final	17.8 ± 2.0	12.9 ± 1.0‡§	12.9 ± 1.2‡§
Change	2.1 ± 1.3	−5.4 ± 1.2§	−2.9 ± 0.8§	<0.001
HOMA-IR
Baseline	4.10 ± 0.31	4.91 ± 0.31	4.09 ± 0.38
Final	4.60 ± 0.56	3.25 ± 0.29‡§	3.20 ± 0.32‡§
Change	0.50 ± 0.34	−1.66 ± 0.32§	−0.89 ± 0.23§	<0.001
Insulin AUC0–120 (mU · l−1 · min−1)
Baseline	9,541 ± 807	10,250 ± 1,038	9,382 ± 940
Final	9,640 ± 693	7,851 ± 902‡	7,343 ± 870†
Change	99 ± 444	−2,340 ± 819§	−2,039 ± 606§	0.024
ISI
Baseline	2.36 ± 0.17	2.13 ± 0.15	2.74 ± 0.29
Final	2.33 ± 0.18	3.13 ± 0.33‡	3.85 ± 0.59‡§
Change	−0.04 ± 0.13	1.00 ± 0.27§	1.10 ± 0.42§	0.001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
Baseline	1.21 ± 0.06	1.19 ± 0.05	1.28 ± 0.07
Final	1.18 ± 0.06	1.12 ± 0.05*	1.19 ± 0.06*
Change	−0.02 ± 0.03	−0.07 ± 0.03	−0.09 ± 0.04	0.394
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
Baseline	2.1 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.2
Final	2.0 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.2‡§	1.4 ± 0.2‡§
Change	−0.1 ± 0.2	−0.5 ± 0.2§	−0.7 ± 0.2§	0.048
Fasting leptin (ng/ml)
Baseline	13.3 ± 1.8	17.8 ± 3.7	15.3 ± 3.2
Final	15.3 ± 2.7	10.3 ± 2.4‡	9.5 ± 2.3‡§
Change	2.0 ± 1.2	−7.5 ± 1.8§	−5.8 ± 1.5§	<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/l)
Baseline	3.2 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.4
Final	3.2 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.3†§
Change	0.0 ± 0.4	−0.2 ± 0.2	−0.9 ± 0.3§	0.035
Urinary sodium (mmol/day)
Baseline	180 ± 21	145 ± 16	147 ± 16
Final	143 ± 10	108 ± 10*	125 ± 11
Change	−37 ± 18	−37 ± 10	−22 ± 16	0.622
RMR (cal/24 h)
Baseline	1,704 ± 92	1,651 ± 106	1,585 ± 130
Final	1,646 ± 98	1,515 ± 76	1,528 ± 89
Change	−57 ± 86	−136 ± 78	−57 ± 75	0.719
RMR (cal · 24 h−1 · FFM−1)
Baseline	28.1 ± 1.0	29.3 ± 1.5	27.8 ± 1.1
Final	27.2 ± 1.0	27.9 ± 1.3	27.9 ± 1.3
Change	−0.9 ± 1.3	−1.4 ± 1.5	0.1 ± 1.2	0.674

Data are means ± SE. Baseline values did not differ between groups for any parameter.

*P < 0.05,

†P < 0.01, and

‡P < 0.001 vs. baseline;

§P < 0.05 vs. control group.

HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index; ISI, whole-body Matsuda (32) insulin sensitivity index; RMR, resting metabolic rate.