Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of adult-onset diabetes according to the number of autoantibodies
| 3 Abs | 2 Abs | 1 Ab only | None (type 2 diabetes) | P value | P value 1 Ab vs. none | P value excluding type 2 diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 20 | 33 | 140 | 342 | |||
| Sex (male/female) | 10/10 | 20/13 | 71/69 | 174/168 | |||
| Age of diagnosis (years) | 43.6 ± 16.4 | 45 ± 12.6 | 52.4 ± 11.2 | 51.6 ± 10.6 | <0.0001 | 0.04 | 0.003 |
| A1C (%) | 8.2 ± 2.7 | 8.1 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 1.9 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.5 | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 27.6 ± 4.8 | 29.4 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.8 ± 8.17 | 91.3 ± 13.3 | 96.2 ± 13.2 | 98 ± 13.1 | <0.0001 | 0.03 | 0.003 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 184 ± 65 | 163 ± 41 | 166 ± 55 | 144 ± 48.9 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 83 (54–148) | 110 (76–182) | 128 (83–199) | 135 (101–196) | 0.0008 | NS | 0.03 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.5 (39–56) | 50.5 (44–59) | 48 (40–56) | 45 (38–56) | NS | NS | NS |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 168 ± 49 | 195 ± 43 | 205 ± 44 | 206 ± 43 | 0.006 | NS | 0.04 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.79 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 5.16 ± 1.4 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| TPO Ab+ number (%) | 9 (45) | 6 (18.2) | 37 (26.4) | 36 (10.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS |
| DRB1*03-DQB1*0201 | 7 (35) | 15 (45.4) | 52 (37.1) | 58 (17) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS |
| DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 | 5 (25) | 8 (24.2) | 34 (24.3) | 35 (10.2) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | NS |
| High-risk HLA genotypes* | 2 (10) | 2 (6) | 12 (8.6) | 4 (1.1) | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | NS |
| Moderate-risk HLA genotypes† | 5 (25) | 8 (24.2) | 33 (23.6) | 38 (11.1) | <0.0001 | 0.0009 | 0.03 |
| Low-risk HLA genotypes‡ | 13 (65) | 21 (63.6) | 95 (67.8) | 300 (87.7) | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | NS |
| ZnT8A titer | 99 (13–191) | 33 (6–110) | 1.2 (1–1.5) | 1.82 (1–2.28) | <0.01 | NS | <0.0001 |
| GADA titer | 89 (20–130) | 90 (25–98) | 14 (8–90) | <0.01§ | |||
| IA-2A titer | 0.12 (0.04–0.25) | 0.18 (0.01–0.31) | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.16) | −0.001 (−0.01 to 0.08) | <0.01‖ | NS | |
| TPO Ab+ titer | 1,781 (244–3,120) | 2,850 (780–3,250) | 2,000 (600–4,650) | 84 (65–432) | P < 0.01¶ | NS | NS |
Data are means ± SD, median (interquartile range) for antibody titers, or n (%). All P values are for trend.
*High: DRB1*03-DQB1*0201/DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 genotype (DRB1*04 different from 0403, 06, 11).
†Moderate: DRB1*04-DQB1*0302/DRB1*04-DQB1*0302, DRB1*03-DQB1*0201/DRB1*03-DQB1*0201, DRB1*04-DQB1*0302/X, and DRB1*03/X (X different from DRB1*03, DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 [DRB1*04 not 0403, 06, 11], or DQB1*0602/03) genotypes.
‡Low: other genotypes.
§Ptrend for 1 vs. 2 or vs. 3 antibodies.
‖P value for 3 or 2 vs. 1 or vs. none antibodies.
¶Ptrend for trend 3 or 2 or 1 vs. none antibodies. Ab, antibody; NS, not significant.