Table 2.
Univariable and adjusted HRs (95% CI) for the association between intake of protein, in quartiles and per 10 g, and incident type 2 diabetes
| Quartile 1 (low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (high) | Ptrend | Per 10 g | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total protein | ||||||
| Cases/at risk (n) | 153/9,523 | 185/9,524 | 249/9,524 | 331/9,523 | ||
| Quartile median total protein (g/day) | 64 | 72 | 79 | 88 | ||
| Univariable | 1 | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 1.63 (1.33–1.99)* | 2.15 (1.77–2.60)* | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.28–1.44)* |
| Model 1†: age and sex | 1 | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | 1.50 (1.23–1.84)* | 1.85 (1.53–1.25)* | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.22–1.36)* |
| Model 2‡: model 1 + dietary intake | 1 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 1.65 (1.32–2.07)* | 2.16 (1.69–2.76)* | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.34–1.56)* |
| Model 3§: model 2 + diabetes risk factors | 1 | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) | 1.45 (1.15–1.83)* | 1.67 (1.29–2.16)* | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.22–1.45)* |
| Model 4‖: model 3 + waist and BMI | 1 | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.15 | 1.16 (1.06–1.26)¶ |
| Animal protein | ||||||
| Cases/at risk (n) | 155/9,523 | 182/9,524 | 243/9,524 | 338/9,523 | ||
| Quartile median animal protein (g/day) | 35 | 44 | 52 | 62 | ||
| Univariable | 1 | 1.16 (0.94–1.44) | 1.56 (1.28–1.91)* | 2.18 (1.80–2.63)* | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.25–1.39)* |
| Model 1†: age and sex | 1 | 1.08 (0.87–1.33) | 1.35 (1.10–1.65)¶ | 1.73 (1.43–2.10)* | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.17–1.30)* |
| Model 2‡: model 1 + dietary intake | 1 | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.54 (1.23–1.92)* | 2.09 (1.64–2.67)* | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.30–1.51)* |
| Model 3§: model 2 + diabetes risk factors | 1 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 1.31 (1.05–1.65)¶ | 1.58 (1.23–2.04)* | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39)* |
| Model 4‖: model 3 + waist and BMI | 1 | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) | 1.11 (0.89–1.40) | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | 0.22 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22)¶ |
| Vegetable protein | ||||||
| Cases/at risk (n) | 245/9,524 | 228/9,524 | 235/9,523 | 210/9,523 | ||
| Quartile median vegetable protein (g/day) | 22 | 26 | 29 | 33 | ||
| Univariable | 1 | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 0.10 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99)¶ |
| Model 1†: age and sex | 1 | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.64 | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) |
| Model 2‡: model 1 + dietary intake | 1 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | 0.63 | 0.85 (0.69–1.06) |
| Model 3§: model 2 + diabetes risk factors | 1 | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.63 | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) |
| Model 4‖: model 3 + waist and BMI | 1 | 0.99 (0.82–1.21) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 0.23 | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) |
Data are HRs (95% CI).
*Significant at P < 0.001 level.
†Model 1: Corrected for sex (male or female) and age at recruitment (continuous).
‡Model 2: model 1 + energy-adjusted intake of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, vitamin E, magnesium, fiber, and glycemic load (continuous).
§Model 3: model 2 + energy-adjusted alcohol consumption (<11, 11–25, 26–50, or >50 g/day), physical activity (not active, moderately inactive, moderately active, or active), mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (continuous), education level (high, middle, or low), and parental history of diabetes (no, one parent, or both parents).
‖Model 4: model 3 + BMI (<20, 20–25 [reference group], 25–30, or >30 kg/m2), and waist circumference (continuous).
¶Significant at P < 0.05 level.