Construction of ΔacpA and ΔacpABC Schu S4 mutants. (A) Schematic representation of the acpA, acpB, and acpC loci in the Schu S4 chromosome before and after allelic replacement using pJC84ΔacpA, pJC84ΔacpB, and pJC84ΔacpC, respectively (see Materials and Methods). Dashed lines indicate the chromosomal regions flanking the respective loci that were used for allelic replacement. The allelic replacement was designed to preserve the integrity of the ybgK gene, located immediately downstream of acpA; of the licB gene, located immediately downstream of acpB; and of the tdk gene, located immediately downstream of acpC. (B) PCR confirmation of acpA (top), acpB (center), and acpC (bottom) deletions from the correct Schu S4 chromosomal loci in the ΔacpA and ΔacpABC mutants. Both wild-type and deleted amplified regions are indicated. (C) Acid phosphatase (AP) activities in Schu S4 and acp mutants. Whole-cell lysates were generated from bacterial cultures and assayed for AP activity as described in Materials and Methods. Values are means ± standard deviations for three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) from wild-type activity by a two-tailed Student t test.