Phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ATF-2 correlates with PKR activation. Immunoblot analyses of whole-cell extracts prepared from uninfected mock or MV-infected (WT, Vko, or Cko) (MOI of 5) PKRkd-con or PKRkd cells at 24 h postinfection were conducted as previously described (35, 41). Antibodies against PKR, phosphorylated PKR (P-PKR), p38, phosphorylated p38, JNK, phosphorylated JNK, ATF-2, phosphorylated ATF-2, and β-actin were utilized.