TABLE VI.
RELATIVE RISK OF NHL, DLBCL, AND FOLLICULAR NHL ACCORDING TO INTAKE OF SELECTED FOOD GROUPS AND FOODS RICH IN ANTIOXIDANTS, IOWA WOMEN'S HEALTH STUDY, 1986–2005
| Food or Food Group (servings per month) | All NHL |
DLBCL |
Follicular lymphoma |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person Years | Cases | RR (95% CI)* | p-trend | Cases | RR (95% CI) | p-trend | Cases | RR (95% CI) | p-trend | |
| All fruits and vegetables | ||||||||||
| <107 | 148916 | 120 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.011 | 45 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.43 | 31 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.038 |
| 107–150 | 153363 | 107 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 51 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.59) | 22 | 0.65 (0.37, 1.12) | |||
| 151–204 | 149235 | 96 | 0.74 (0.56, 0.97) | 47 | 0.97 (0.64, 1.49) | 15 | 0.43 (0.23, 0.80) | |||
| >204 | 146426 | 92 | 0.69 (0.51,0.94) | 41 | 0.84 (0.53, 1.34) | 22 | 0.59 (0.32,1.08) | |||
| All fruits | ||||||||||
| <45 | 149262 | 119 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.066 | 46 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.58 | 30 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.16 |
| 45–68 | 155346 | 103 | 0.80 (0.61, 1.04) | 50 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.49) | 17 | 0.51 (0.28, 0.93) | |||
| 69–96 | 151475 | 96 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.98) | 44 | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) | 23 | 0.69 (0.39, 1.20) | |||
| >96 | 141858 | 97 | 0.78 (0.58, 1.04) | 44 | 0.92 (0.59, 1.42) | 20 | 0.60 (0.33, 1.10) | |||
| Citrus fruits | ||||||||||
| <11 | 149575 | 128 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.10 | 55 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.30 | 31 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.17 |
| 11–26 | 149310 | 88 | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 40 | 0.71 (0.47, 1.07) | 18 | 0.57 (0.32, 1.01) | |||
| 27–38 | 164936 | 102 | 0.70 (0.54, 0.90) | 47 | 0.74 (0.50, 1.10) | 20 | 0.56 (0.32, 0.98) | |||
| >38 | 134120 | 97 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 42 | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 21 | 0.70 (0.40, 1.23) | |||
| Apple juice/cider | ||||||||||
| 0 | 409960 | 301 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.026 | 133 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.15 | 65 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.28 |
| 1–2 | 100219 | 71 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 32 | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 16 | 0.99 (0.57, 1.71) | |||
| >2 | 87762 | 43 | 0.65 (0.47, 0.90) | 19 | 0.65 (0.40, 1.06) | 9 | 0.62 (0.31, 1.26) | |||
| All vegetables | ||||||||||
| <53 | 156243 | 122 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.041 | 51 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 | 34 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.013 |
| 53–78 | 151786 | 118 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 51 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.51) | 23 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.13) | |||
| 79–112 | 144390 | 74 | 0.63 (0.47, 0.85) | 28 | 0.59 (0.37, 0.94) | 12 | 0.34 (0.18, 0.68) | |||
| > 112 | 145522 | 101 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) | 54 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 21 | 0.56 (0.31, 1.01) | |||
| Yellow/orange vegetables | ||||||||||
| <5 | 227508 | 168 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.015 | 70 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.49 | 36 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.16 |
| 5–6 | 90519 | 75 | 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) | 34 | 1.18 (0.78, 1.78) | 18 | 1.20 (0.68, 2.12) | |||
| 7–14 | 160476 | 103 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 43 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.23) | 22 | 0.81 (0.47, 1.39) | |||
| >14 | 119437 | 69 | 0.72 (0.54, 0.97) | 37 | 0.94 (0.62, 1.42) | 14 | 0.66 (0.35, 1.25) | |||
| Green leafy vegetables | ||||||||||
| <5 | 150472 | 114 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.17 | 45 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 | 26 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.24 |
| 5–12 | 162415 | 119 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 55 | 1.13 (0.76, 1.67) | 26 | 0.91 (0.53, 1.57) | |||
| 13–22 | 143276 | 87 | 0.79 (0.60, 1.05) | 36 | 0.84 (0.54, 1.30) | 19 | 0.74 (0.41, 1.35) | |||
| >22 | 141777 | 95 | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 48 | 1.12 (0.74, 1.69) | 19 | 0.73 (0.40, 1.35) | |||
| Cruciferous vegetables | ||||||||||
| <7 | 210277 | 163 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.017 | 66 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 | 39 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.016 |
| 7–10 | 147255 | 116 | 1.01 (0.80, 1.29) | 48 | 1.04 (0.72, 1.51) | 29 | 1.05 (0.65, 1.70) | |||
| 11–16 | 105930 | 48 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.80) | 23 | 0.69 (0.43, 1.11) | 5 | 0.25 (0.10, 0.63) | |||
| >16 | 134479 | 88 | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 47 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) | 17 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.14) | |||
| Broccoli | ||||||||||
| 0 | 107419 | 85 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.018 | 35 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.64 | 18 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.12 |
| 1–2 | 183579 | 141 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 58 | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 35 | 1.14 (0.65, 2.02) | |||
| 3–4 | 193665 | 124 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 57 | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38) | 23 | 0.71 (0.38, 1.31) | |||
| >4 | 113279 | 65 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 34 | 0.92 (0.57, 1.48) | 14 | 0.72 (0.36, 1.45) | |||
| Whole grains (servings per week) | ||||||||||
| <4.6 | 148525 | 105 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.28 | 42 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 | 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.34 |
| 4.6–9.0 | 161146 | 118 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.32) | 50 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.62) | 29 | 1.14 (0.66, 1.96) | |||
| 9.1–17.0 | 140828 | 96 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.22) | 48 | 1.15 (0.76, 1.75) | 17 | 0.73 (0.39, 1.38) | |||
| >17.0 | 147443 | 96 | 0.88 (0.66, 1.17) | 44 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) | 21 | 0.85 (0.46, 1.55) | |||
| Nuts | ||||||||||
| < 1/month | 247626 | 159 | 1 .00 (reference) | 0.85 | 70 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.79 | 26 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.26 |
| < 1 time/week | 206536 | 164 | 1.24 (0.99, 1.54) | 74 | 1.27 (0.91, 1.76) | 43 | 1.97 (1.21, 3.21) | |||
| 1–4 times/week | 126709 | 81 | 0.99 (0.76, 1.3) | 33 | 0.92 (0.60, 1.40) | 19 | 1.40 (0.77, 2.56) | |||
| 5+ times/week | 17069 | 11 | 0.97 (0.52, 1.81) | 7 | 1.40 (0.64, 3.10) | 2 | 1.05 (0.25, 4.52) | |||
*
Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusted for age and total energy intake.