Asef, Asef2 and APC are required for JNK phosphorylation and MMP9 expression in colorectal tumour cells. (A) Cells were transfected with shRNA expression vectors encoding the indicated shRNAs and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies to pJNK1 or JNK1 (top two panels) and to semi-quantitative RT–PCR (middle two panels). Secretion of MMP9 was assayed by gelatin zymography (lower panel). SW480 and SW620 cells contain truncated APC, whereas HCT116 cells contain wild-type APC and mutated β-catenin. (B) The effects of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 on MMP9 secretion in SW480 cells. APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; RT–PCR, reverse transcriptase–PCR; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; zymo, gelatin zymography.