Table 1.

Psychopathological and socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants

Characteristic	Group; mean (SD)*
	Healthy, n = 35	Bipolar, n = 37	Nondelusional schizophrenia, n = 25	Delusional s chizophrenia, n = 5
Age, yr	35.1 (10.0)†	40.9 (9.5)	37.3 (11.6)	31.2 (10.0)
Range	19–55	20–56	21–56	18–43
Sex, male:female	16:19	24:13‡	17:8	4:1
Education, no. of years	15.4 (2.4)†§	15.3 (4.0)¶**	13.0 (3.1)	11.6 (1.7)
Quick Test IQ score	107.3 (12.1)	112.2 (11.1)**	102.2 (11.6)	101.6 (7.3)
K-BIT IQ score
Vocabulary	107.0 (17.3)†§	109.4 (18.7)¶**	96.4 (10.6)	90.4 (12.5)
Matrices	105.8 (18.2)§	99.8 (9.8)	96.4 (12.5)	98.6 (15.8)
Composite	107.0 (16.2)	103.7 (9.9)	100.2 (20.8)	94.0 (15.8)
Social status	36.0 (13.7)	30.4 (15.5)	27.2 (14.0)	46.0 (18.4)
Illness duration, yr	N/A	14.2 (9.6)	14.8 (10.9)	13.4 (7.1)
Chlorpromazine equivalent, mg	N/A	28.1 (90.2)‡	204.7 (401.3)	114.5 (121.9)
Delusions	N/A	0.4 (0.7) **††	1.2 (1.1)‡‡	4 (0)
Guilt or worthlessness	N/A	0 (0.2)	0.1 (0.3)	0 (0)
Grandiose	N/A	0 (0) **††	0.3 (0.5)‡‡	1.6 (1.8)
Paranoid	N/A	0.3 (0.6)**	0.5 (1.1)‡‡	3.8 (0.4)
Schneiderian	N/A	0.2 (0.5)**	0.4 (0.9)¶¶	1.4 (1.3)
Hallucinations	N/A	0.3 (0.8)¶	0.5 (1.2)	1.4 (1.9)
Thought disorder	N/A	0.2 (0.5)‡¶	0.8 (1.0)	1.0 (1.4)
Flat affect	N/A	0.7 (1.0)	0.7 (1.0)	0.2 (0.4)
Poverty of speech	N/A	0.4 (0.9)	0.3 (0.9)	0 (0)
Underactivity	N/A	1.0 (1.1)	0.7 (0.9)	0 (0)

K-BIT = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test;²⁰ SD = standard deviation.

^*Unless otherwise indicated. Symptom scores are derived from the Signs and Symptoms of Psychotic Illness rating scale.¹⁷

^†Delusional schizophrenia v. healthy, p < 0.05.

^‡Nondelusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.05.

^§Nondelusional schizophrenia v. healthy, p < 0.05.

^¶Delusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.05.

^**Nondelusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.01.

^††Delusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.01.

^‡‡Delusional schizophrenia v. nondelusional schizophrenia, p < 0.01.

^¶¶Delusional schizophrenia v. nondelusional schizophrenia, p < 0.05.