Table 1. Evolution of institutional arrangements for malaria R&D.

Phase	Purpose of R&D Institutions	Targeted End-Users	Funding	Targeted Diseases
I: Late Nineteenth Century through the 1950s	National public goods	Industrialized countries	Public, private	Malaria, yellow fever
II: 1960s–80s	International health programs (e.g., TDR, Fogarty International Center, Rockefeller Foundation)	Developing countries	Public, philanthropic	Malaria and other tropical infectious diseases
III: 1990s–2000s	Global health partnerships neglected disease R&D (e.g., PDPs)	Developing countries	Public, philanthropic, private sector	Malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and neglected tropical infectious diseases
IV: The Future	Global public goods for global health	Global	Public, philanthropic, private sector	All types