Fig. 3.

Antiviral activities of type I IFNs inducible effectors. Type I IFNs induce variable antiviral effectors such as Mx, PKR, RNase L, OAS and ISG. Mx GTPase captures viral nucleocapsid proteins to prevents virus assembly.⁵³ PKR phosphorylates eIF2α leading to inhibition of gene translation.⁵⁴ RNase L is activated by OAS, and breaks down viral RNAs.⁶¹ ISG induces IFN-β gene expression by preventing degradation of IRF3.⁶⁸ IFN, interferon; Mx, myxovirus-resistance protein GTPase; PKR, RNA-dependent protein kinase; OAS, oligo-adenylate synthetase; RNase L, ribonuclease L; ISG, interferon stimulated gene; EIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α.