Table 2.
Key features of the Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] treatment component
| Reference | Type of Technology |
Additional Treatment Components |
Automated EMI Delivery |
EMI Frequency |
EMI Duration |
Intervention Content |
EMI Trigger(s) |
EMI Timing Tailored |
EMI Content Tailored |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obermayer, Riley, Asif, & Jean-Mary (2004) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | Yes | Minimum 2/day | 6 weeks | BT, PE, FB | User initiated, fixed time, tailored dates and times | Mixed | No |
| Lazev, Vidrine, Arduino, & Gritz (2004) | Mobile phone: voice | None | No | 6 calls (2 weeks) |
2 weeks | BT, CT, MT | User initiated, tailored dates, times NR | Yes | Yes |
| Rodgers, Corbett, Bramley, Riddell, Wills, Lin, & Jones (2005) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | Yes | 5/day (5 weeks) 3/week (6 months) |
6 months | BT, PE, MT | User initiated, tailored dates, random time | Mixed | Yes |
| Vidrine, Arduino, Lazev, & Gritz (2006) | Mobile phone: voice | None | No | 8 calls (2 months) |
8 weeks | BT, CT, MT | User initiated, tailored dates, times NR | Yes | Yes |
| Brendryen & Kraft (2008) | Mobile phone: voice and SMS | Interactive website | Yes | 1-4/day | 1 year | BT, PE, MT | User initiated, random time, fixed time | Mixed | Yes |
| Brendryen, Drozd, & Kraft (2008) | Mobile phone: voice and SMS | Interactive website | Yes | 1-4/day | 1 year | BT, PE, MT | User initiated, random time, fixed time | Mixed | Yes |
| Riley, Obermayer, & Jean-Mary (2008) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | Yes | 1-3/day | 6 weeks | BT, PE, FB | User initiated, fixed time, tailored dates and times | Mixed | No |
| Whittaker, Maddison, McRobbie, Bullen, Denny, et al. (2008) | Mobile phone: SMS video, text | None | Yes | 2/day | 4 weeks | BT, PE, MT | User initiated, user selected timeframe (random within timeframe) | Mixed | No |
| Burnett, Taylor, & Agras (1985) | Palmtop computer | Individual CBT | Yes | Minimum 4/day | 6 weeks | BT, FB, MT | User initiated, fixed times | Mixed | Yes |
| Agras, Taylor, Feldman, Losch, & Burnett (1990) | Palmtop computer | None, support group | Yes | Variable | 12 weeks | BT, FB, MT | User initiated | Yes | Yes |
| Burnett, Taylor, & Agras (1992) | Palmtop computer | None, support group | Yes | Variable | 10 weeks | BT, FB, MT | User initiated | Yes | Yes |
| Joo & Kim (2007) | Mobile phone: SMS | Mailed PE material weekly | Yes | 1/week | 12 weeks | BT, PE, MT | Random times | No | No |
| Patrick, Raab, Adams, Dillon, Zabinski et al. (2009) | Mobile phone: SMS | PE materials and phone call monthly | Yes | 2-5/day | 4 months | BT, PE, MT | User selected times | Yes | No |
| Baer, Minichiello, Jenike, & Holland (1988) | Palmtop computer | Individual CBT | Yes | Variable | 2 years | BT, CT, FB | User initiated | Yes | Yes |
| Newman, Kenardy, Herman, & Taylor (1997) | Palmtop computer | Individual CBT | Yes | Minimum 4/day | 12 weeks | BT, CT | User initiated, 30 minutes after user initiated, fixed times | Mixed | Mixed |
| Newman, Consoli, & Taylor (1999) | Palmtop computer | Group CBT | Yes | Minimum 4/day | 12 weeks | BT, CT, MT | User initiated, when anxiety reported (via EMA) | Yes | Yes |
| Gruber, Moran, Roth, & Taylor (2001) | Palmtop computer | Group CBT | Yes | Minimum 1/day | 12 weeks | BT, CT, MT | User initiated, 2 hour after user initiated, fixed times | Mixed | Mixed |
| Kenardy, Dow, Johnson, Newman, Thomson, & Taylor (2003) | Palmtop computer | Individual CBT | Yes | 5/day | 12 weeks | BT, CT | User initiated, fixed times | Mixed | Mixed |
| Przeworski & Newman (2004) | Palmtop computer | Group CBT | Yes | Minimum 5/day | 12 weeks | BT, CT, MT | User initiated, when anxiety reported (via EMA) | Yes | Yes |
| Kwon, Cho, Kim, Lee, Song, et al. (2004) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | No | NR | 12 weeks | BT, MT | Random times | No | Yes |
| Franklin, Waller, Pagliari, & Greene (2006) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | Mixed | 1-2/day | 1 year | BT, PE | User initiated, random times | Mixed | Yes |
| Yoon & Kim (2008) | Mobile phone: SMS | Interactive website | No | 1/week | 1 year | BT, MT | Random times | No | Yes |
| Bauer, Percevic, Okon, Meermann, & Kordy (2003) | Mobile phone: SMS | Post-CBT | No | 1/week | 12-14 weeks | BT, CT, MT | Random times | No | Yes |
| Robinson, Perkins, Bauer, Hammond, Treasure, & Schmidt (2006) | Mobile phone: SMS | Post-CBT | No | 1/week | 6 months | BT, CT, MT | Random times | No | Yes |
| Weitzel, Bernhardt, Usdan, Mays, & Glanz (2007) | Palmtop computer | None | No | 1 message/day | 2 weeks | BT, FB | Random times | No | Yes |
| Atienza, King, Oliveria, Ahn, & Gardner (2008) | Palmtop computer | Nutrition PE | Yes | 2/day | 8 weeks | BT, FB | Fixed times | No | Yes |
| King, Ahn, Oliveria, Atienza, Castro, & Gardner (2008) | Palmtop computer | Individual exercise PE | Yes | 2/day | 8 weeks | BT, FB | Fixed times | No | Yes |
Note. BT=general behavioral treatment (goal setting, behavior modification, self-regulation), CBT=cognitive behavior therapy, CT=general cognitive treatment (challenging distorted thinking, cognitive reframing), EMA=ecological momentary assessment, EMI=ecological momentary intervention, FB=feedback, Mixed=combination of methods, MT=motivational, NR=not reported, PE=psychoeducation, SMS=short message service (i.e., text messaging).