Table 3.

Country Effects on Frailty in the 65 Years and Older Community-Dwelling Population Without Disability (weighted results)

	Model 1 Outcome: Frail		Model 2 Outcome: Prefrail or Frail
OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Unadjusted
Sweden	0.70 (0.45–1.10)	.126	1.41 (1.14–1.74)	.002
Denmark	1.08 (0.70–1.66)	.738	1.19 (0.94–1.49)	.144
The Netherlands	1.05 (0.69–1.58)	.822	1.22 (0.98–1.51)	.073
Austria	0.80 (0.52–1.24)	.316	1.32 (1.06–1.64)	.014
Switzerland	0.46 (0.25–0.85)	.013	1.41 (1.09–1.82)	.009
France	1.14 (0.76–1.73)	.521	1.65 (1.31–2.07)	.000
Italy	1.88 (1.26–2.81)	.002	2.46 (1.94–3.12)	.000
Spain	2.99 (2.09–4.27)	.000	4.24 (3.34–5.39)	.000
Greece	1.42 (0.98–2.08)	.066	1.91 (1.54–2.36)	.000
Adjusted for
Gender (women)	1.58 (1.23–2.04)	.000	1.25 (1.07–1.45)	.005
Age, y	1.08 (1.06–1.10)	.000	1.08 (1.07–1.10)	.000
Education, y	0.91 (0.88–0.94)	.000	0.93 (0.91–0.95)	.000
Sweden	0.44 (0.27–0.70)	.001	0.97 (0.77–1.23)	.830
Denmark	0.80 (0.51–1.25)	.329	0.97 (0.76–1.23)	.791
The Netherlands	0.76 (0.49–1.17)	.212	0.95 (0.75–1.20)	.661
Austria	0.64 (0.41–1.01)	.055	1.11 (0.88–1.40)	.367
Switzerland	0.31 (0.16–0.60)	.000	1.16 (0.88–1.53)	.297
France	0.58 (0.35–0.96)	.033	1.06 (0.82–1.38)	.654
Italy	0.99 (0.59–1.65)	.961	1.59 (1.19–2.13)	.002
Spain	1.28 (0.78–2.10)	.333	2.32 (1.72–3.13)	.000
Greece	0.72 (0.44–1.17)	.187	1.22 (0.94–1.58)	.134

Note: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Germany is the reference country.