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Patterning of DDPpy via electrical field. (a) 16-array electrochemical chip and (b) the 3-electrodes configuration. The size of total 16-array chip is 2.5 cm × 7.5 cm. Bright field image (c) and fluorescence image (d) of the DDPpy working electrode (WE) and bare gold counter electrode (CE) after being incubated with biotinylated atto-488 are also illustrated.
