Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of population by heart failure status
| Total (n = 5613) | No heart failure (n = 4087) | Incident heart failure (n = 1526) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (missing data n = 0) | 72.74 ± 5.57 | 72.29 ± 5.45 | 73.95 ± 5.71 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (missing data n = 19) | 26.65 ± 4.67 | 26.38 ± 4.5 | 27.38 ± 5.02 | <0.001 |
| Age at meno (women) (missing data n = 247) | 47.04 ± 6.72 | 47.24 ± 6.54 | 46.42 ± 7.22 | 0.01 |
| Male (missing data n = 0) | 2362 (42) | 1636 (40) | 726 (48) | <0.01 |
| African American (missing data n = 0) | 864 (15) | 645 (16) | 219 (14) | 0.2 |
| Education (≥12 years) (missing data n = 16) | 3975 (71) | 2938 (72) | 1037 (68) | <0.001 |
| Income(≥25 000 USD/year) (missing data n = 364) | 2047 (39) | 1558 (41) | 489 (34) | <0.001 |
| Live birth (women) (missing data n = 848) | 2339 (97) | 1761 (97) | 578 (98) | 0.51 |
| Calcium supplement intake (missing data n = 56) | 1093 (20) | 802 (20) | 291 (19) | 0.67 |
| Smoking status (missing data n = 6) | ||||
| Never | 2602 (46) | 1908 (47) | 694 (45) | 0.55 |
| Former | 2331 (42) | 1679 (41) | 652 (43) | |
| Current | 674 (12) | 495 (12) | 179 (12) | |
| Glucose status (missing data n = 58) | ||||
| Normal | 3935 (71) | 2955 (73) | 980 (65) | <0.001 |
| IFG | 752 (13) | 552 (14) | 200 (13) | |
| Diabetes | 868 (16) | 528 (13) | 340 (22) | |
| Frailty status (missing data n = 556) | ||||
| Not frail | 2402 (47) | 1826 (49) | 576 (43) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 2342 (46) | 1688 (46) | 654 (48) | |
| Frail | 313 (6) | 190 (5) | 123 (9) | |
| Health status, self-reported (missing data n = 13) | ||||
| Excellent | 783 (14) | 640 (16) | 143 (9) | <0.001 |
| Very good | 1399 (25) | 1084 (27) | 315 (21) | |
| Good | 2100 (37) | 1491 (36) | 609 (40) | |
| Fair | 1124 (20) | 743 (18) | 381 (25) | |
| Poor | 194 (4) | 122 (3) | 72 (5) | |
| Oestrogen use (women) (missing data n = 0) | ||||
| Never | 2003 (62) | 1466 (60) | 537 (67) | <0.001 |
| Past | 874 (27) | 685 (28) | 189 (24) | |
| Current | 374 (12) | 300 (12) | 74 (9) | |
| Alcohol use (drinks/week) (missing data n = 51) | ||||
| None | 2248 (40) | 1585 (39) | 663 (44) | <0.001 |
| Previous | 484 (9) | 316 (8) | 168 (11) | |
| <1 | 1073 (19) | 795 (20) | 278 (18) | |
| 1 to <7 | 973 (17) | 737 (18) | 236 (16) | |
| 7 and more | 784 (14) | 612 (15) | 172 (11) | |
| Kcal/day of physical activity (missing data n = 18) | 1738 ± 2045 | 1793 ± 2084 | 1591 ± 1930 | <0.001 |
| Digital symbol substitution (DSS) (in s) (missing data n = 264) | 37 ± 13.4 | 37.4 ± 13.7 | 34.8 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) (missing data n = 676) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.02 ± 0.28 | 1.12 ± 0.38 | <0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) (missing data n = 79) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.13 ± 0.28 | 1.08 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia (missing data n = 63) | 1510 (27) | 1073 (26) | 437 (29) | 0.08 |
| Use of thyroid medications (missing data n = 7) | 488 (9) | 362 (9) | 126 (8) | 0.51 |
| Cancer (missing data n = 9) | 808 (14) | 590 (14) | 218 (14) | 0.92 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (missing data n = 199) | 698 (13) | 483 (12) | 215 (15) | 0.02 |
| Vision problems (missing data n = 230) | 362 (7) | 239 (6) | 123 (9) | <0.001 |
| Current oral corticosteroid (missing data n = 7) | 116 (2) | 69 (2) | 47 (3) | <0.001 |
| Use of cardiac medications (missing data n = 0) | 2101 (37) | 1398 (34) | 703 (46) | <0.01 |
Means ± standard deviations or counts (by percentages).