Table 1.

Measured waterpipe and cigarette sidestream smoke emissions, expressed as mass or number per waterpipe or cigarette smoked. Data from previous sidestream cigarette smoke studies shown for comparison. All differences in reported means between cigarette and waterpipe measures are statistically significant except benzo(a)pyrene and methacrolein. Data reported as mean ± 95% confidence interval.

	Current study		Previous studies
	Waterpipe SS	Cigarette SS	Cigarette SS
	N = 12	N = 9
Carbon monoxide, mg	2269 ± 108	65.5 ± 5.5	61.6–61.7b
PAH, ng	N = 11	N = 3
Benzo[a]pyrene	155 ± 72	95.7 ± 30.7	62.7–91.7b
Benzo[b + k]fluoranthenes	398 ± 171	80.8 ± 28.0	99.1–124.2b
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	52.3 ± 10.5	29.9 ± 7.1	13.8–13.9b
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	266 ± 95	57.3 ± 17.0	32.8–41.7b
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene	322 ± 87	40.9 ± 18.8	32.8–44.7b
Total PAH	1193 ± 226	305 ± 49
Particle number emissions	N = 4	N = 4
Ultrafine particles   5.6–99.5 nm,/1012	3.99 ± 0.60	0.639 ± 0.188
Total particles   5.6–560 nm,/1012	4.38 ± 0.66	1.68 ± 0.27
Count median diameter, nm	37.9 ± 4.1	130 ± 8	140.7,a 135d
Count geometric   standard deviation	2.07 ± 0.10	1.47 ± 0.04	1.53,a 1.58d
Volume median diameter, nm	134 ± 22	204 ± 13	292d
Volume geometric   standard deviation	1.77 ± 0.10	1.47 ± 0.06	1.55d
Volatile aldehydes,µg	N = 6	N = 5
Formaldehyde	5234 ± 1011	357 ± 143	662–886,b 234c
Acetaldehyde	5084 ± 1211	2136 ± 384	1170–1587, 463c
Acrolein	1135 ± 297	144 ± 21	316–437, 189c
Propionaldehyde	441 ± 129	213 ± 65	116–121, 34.7c
Methacrolein	110 ± 30	104 ± 11
Total aldehydes	12,000 ± 1610	2954 ± 416

^aLi and Hopke, 1993.

^bMoir et al., 2008.

^cBaek and Jenkins 2004.

^dMorawaska et al., 1997.