Table 2.
Risk ratios of adverse health outcomes (dependence in ADLs or death) for vision and hearing impairments by gender.
| Incidence (%) | Crude RR (95% CI) |
P-value | Model 1 a RR (95% CI) |
P-value | Model 2 b RR (95% CI) |
P-value | P for interaction c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||||||
| Vision impairment | |||||||||
| No | 23/275 (8.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 11/60 (18.3) | 2.19 (1.13-4.25) |
.020 | 1.83 (0.95-3.53) |
.071 | 1.43 (0.63-3.26) | .393 | ||
| Hearing impairment | |||||||||
| No | 18/271 (6.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 16/64 (25.0) | 3.76 (2.03 -6.97) |
< .001 | 3.49 (1.86-6.53) |
< .001 | 3.10 (1.43-6.72) | .004 | ||
| Women | |||||||||
| Vision impairment | |||||||||
| No | 23/301 (7.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 29/160 (18.1) | 2.37 (1.42-3.96) |
.001 | 2.28 (1.35-3.83) |
.002 | 1.60 (0.97-2.63) |
.064 | ||
| Hearing impairment | |||||||||
| No | 34/345 (9.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 18/116 (15.5) | 1.57 (0.93-2.68) |
.094 |
1.40 (0.82-2.39) |
.216 | 0.71 (0.38-1.31) |
.269 | ||
| Men and Women | |||||||||
| Vision impairment | |||||||||
| No | 46/576 (8.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 40/220 (18.2) | 2.28 (1.53-3.38) |
< .001 | 2.07 (1.38-3.09) |
< .001 | 1.60 (1.05-2.44) |
.028 | .904 | |
| Hearing impairment | |||||||||
| No | 52/616 (8.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Impaired | 34/180 (18.9) | 2.24 (1.50-3.34) |
< .001 | 2.00 (1.33-3.01) |
.001 | 1.23 (0.76-1.97) |
.396 | .006 |
RR: risk ratio, CI: confidence interval. a Variables included in the model 1 were vision and hearing impairments. bIn addition to the model 1, age (continuous), education, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, past/current history of major illness and diabetes mellitus were included. For combined-gender analysis, we further adjusted for gender. cStatistical interaction between sensory impairments and gender with a likelihood ratio test.