Table 3.
Associations of vision and hearing impairments with adverse health outcomes (dependence in ADLs or death) through three potential intermediate factors by gender.
| Model 2 a RR (95% CI) |
Model 2 + Instrumental activities of daily living b RR (95% CI) |
P-value | Model 2 + depressive mode c RR (95%) CI) |
P-value | Model 2 + cognitive function d RR (95% CI) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||||
| Vision impairment | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Impaired | 1.43 (0.63 3.26) |
0.73 (0.24 2.21) |
.578 | 1.20 (0.53 2.71) |
.657 | 1.12 (0.50 2.52) |
.784 |
| Hearing impairment | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Impaired | 3.10 (1.43 6.72) |
2.39 (1.04 5.52) |
.041 | 2.72 (1.27 5.83) |
.010 | 3.02 (1.37 6.62) |
.006 |
| Women | |||||||
| Vision impairment | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Impaired | 1.60 (0.97 2.63) |
1.56 (0.91 2.65) |
.103 | 1.55 (0.89 2.68) |
.119 | 1.60 (0.97 2.63) |
.065 |
| Hearing impairment | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Impaired | 0.71 (0.38 1.31) |
0.75 (0.40 1.39) |
.359 | 0.71 (0.37 1.34) |
.290 | 0.70 (0.38 1.29) |
.249 |
RR: risk ratio, CI: confidence interval. aVariables included in the model 2 were vision and hearing impairments, age (continuous), education, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, past/current history of major illness and diabetes mellitus. bTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (score 0-13). cGeriatric Depression Scale, 5-item version (score 0-5). dClock drawing test (score 0-4).