Table 1.
Etiology and risk factors for cranial sinus thrombosis.
| Gender |
| Female |
| Oral contraceptive therapy |
| Pregnancy/puerperium |
| Dehydration |
| Protein S deficiency |
| Factor V Leiden mutation |
| Lupus anticoagulant |
| Malignancy |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia |
| Male |
| Dehydration |
| Germ cell malignancy |
| Protein C deficiency |
| Protein S deficiency |
| Dental infection |
| Drugs |
| Oral contraceptives |
| Hormone replacement therapy |
| Steroids |
| Cytotoxic |
| Asparaginase |
| Hematologic |
| Polycythemia (primary and secondary) |
| Thrombocythemia |
| Leukemia |
| Anemia |
| Infection |
| Otitis |
| Mastoiditis |
| Sinusitis |
| Meningitis |
| Dental infection |
| Other |
| Inflammatory disease/vasculitis |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Behçet disease |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Thromboangitis obliterans |
| Wegener’s granulomatosis |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Thrombophilia |
| Genetic |
| Antithrombin deficiency |
| Protein C deficiency |
| Protein S deficiency |
| Factor V Leiden mutation |
| Prothrombin G20210A mutation |
| Homocysteinemia secondary to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutations |
| Acquired |
| Antiphospholipif antibody |
| Nephrotic syndrome |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia |
| Pregnancy |
| Puerperium |
| Central nervous system disorders |
| Dural fistulae |
| Arteriovenous malformation |
| Venous anomaly |
| Malignancy |
| Hematological |
| Solid tumors outside central nervous system |
| Central nervous system malignancy |
| Mechanical/iatrogenic causes |
| Lumbar puncture |
| Head injury |
| Jugular catheter occlusion |
| Neurosurgical procedures |
| Sinus or jugular vein injury |
| Systemic disorders |
| Thyroid disease |
| Surgery |
| Idiopathic |