Table 4.
Associations between dietary pattern scores at phase 5 and CES–D depression at phase 7 after excluding participants identified as having depression at phase 5 (total n = 3059)a
|
Intermediate tertile
|
Highest tertile
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest tertile OR | OR (95% CI) | Pa | OR (95% CI) | Pa | |
| Whole food dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.63 (0.46-0.87) | 0.005 | 0.66 (0.47-0.92) | 0.01 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.70 (0.50-0.96) | 0.03 | 0.74 (0.52-1.04) | 0.08 |
|
Model
3d |
1
|
0.68 (0.50-0.94)
|
0.02
|
0.73 (0.51-1.02)
|
0.07
|
| Processed food dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.44 (1.02-2.02) | 0.04 | 1.83 (1.20-2.79) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.41 (1.00-2.00) | 0.05 | 1.76 (1.14-2.70) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.38 (0.98-1.95) | 0.06 | 1.69 (1.10-2.60) | 0.02 |
CES—D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies — Depression scale.
a.
Participants defined as having depression using the General Health Questionnaire depression subscale (n = 374) or those taking antidepressant drugs (n = 81).
b.
Model 1: adjusted for gender, age and energy intake.
c.
Model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for marital status, employment grade, level of education, physical activity and smoking habits.
d.
Model 3: model 2 plus adjustment for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, self-reported stroke, use of antidepressive drugs and cognitive functioning.