Fig. 2. Hemodynamic profiles of patients presenting with advanced heart failure, as described by a 2 × 2 table. Evaluation of clinical symptoms and signs enables the classification of a patient into a hemodynamic profile and may assist in selecting initial therapy and providing prognostic information. Although this classification scheme was developed for patients who have, predominantly, systolic dysfunction and advanced heart failure, it provides a useful construct for the evaluation of patients with ADHF as well.

Modified from: Nohria A, Mielniczuk LM, Stevenson LW. Evaluation and monitoring of patients with acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2005;96(6A):32G–40G.